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Natural fiber biocomposites via 4D printing technologies: a review of possibilities for agricultural bio-mulching and related sustainable applications

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Abstract

Due to their perception as renewable and sustainable resources, natural fibres are becoming more popular as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. The bulk of plant fibres is made up of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose with the balance composed of pectin, waxes, water-soluble organic components, and moisture (up to 20%). This study reviews and lists the existing studies conducted in 3D and 4D printing, their several techniques and material aspects. By utilizing the unique self-repairing capabilities of 4D printed polymers, which respond to factors such as temperature, humidity, osmotic pressure, magnetics, and biomolecules, a proposal is put forth to address the current unsustainable practices of agricultural mulching. Specifically, the proposal suggests the adoption of 4D printed bio mulch films that possess customized shape memory properties, serving as a sustainable alternative to conventional mulching practices. In line with the potential replacement with 4D printed bio mulch films, suitable bio-composites for the same are extracted and reviewed from literature along with their mechanical and microstructural properties, shape-memory behaviour, and their suitable 3D and 4D printing techniques in effective film synthesis and actuation programming. Moreover, several other agricultural applications that currently lack sustainability and where 4D printing can be deployed are discussed along with certain limitations and scope in developing 4D printed bio composite agro-sustainable structures.

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Abbreviations

AM:

Additive manufacturing

4DP:

4D printing

3DP:

3D printing

SLA:

Stereolithographic

SMP:

Shape memory polymer

SMA:

Shape memory alloy

MF:

Microfiber

HBC:

Hygromorph bio-composites

SHS:

Selective heat sintering

SLS:

Selective laser sintering

DED:

Direct energy deposition

EBM:

Electron beam melting

CAD:

Computer-aided design

PA:

Polyamide

PLA:

Poly-lactic acid

ABS:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

PU:

Polyurethane

PE:

Polyethylene

PP:

Polypropylene

NFC:

Natural fibre composite

PHA:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates

PTT:

Poly-tri-methylene terephthalate

PGA:

Polyglycolic acid

PBSA:

Polybutylene succinate-co-adipate

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

FDM:

Fusion deposition modelling

cFF:

Continuous flax fibre

FFF:

Fusion filament fabrication

DIW:

Direct ink writing

DLP:

Digital light processing

MFA:

Microfiber angle

NFRC:

Natural fibre reinforced composite

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

HDPE:

High density polyethylene

PTT:

Polytrimethylene terephthalate

ROP:

Ring opening polymerization

FEA:

Finite element analysis

FFF:

Fused filament fabrication

NRFC:

Natural fibre reinforced composites

LCA:

Life cycle assessment

PHA:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates

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  1. Department of Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India

    S. Ram Kishore, A. P. Sridharan, Utkarsh Chadha, Deva Narayanan, Mayank Mishra & Senthil Kumaran Selvaraj

  2. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    S. Ram Kishore

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2Z9, Canada

    Utkarsh Chadha

  4. Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution, Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA

    Albert E. Patterson

  5. J. Mike Walker’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA

    Albert E. Patterson

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Ram Kishore, S., Sridharan, A.P., Chadha, U. et al. Natural fiber biocomposites via 4D printing technologies: a review of possibilities for agricultural bio-mulching and related sustainable applications. Prog Addit Manuf 9, 37–67 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-023-00433-8

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