Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact strength of 3D printed PLA using open source FFF-based 3D printer

  • Full Research Article
  • Published:
Progress in Additive Manufacturing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has been used to manufacturing customizable products, which offers tremendous advantages due to its ability to create end-use products having any complex geometry in shorter lead-time. However, the application of the FFF process in functional parts is restricted due to the poor mechanical performance because of the nature of the process to form the object in a layer-by-layer manner. The mechanical properties of the FFF-printed object are largely influenced by the selection of the build parameters. Hence, in this study, the impact strength of the FFF fabricated PLA has been evaluated as a function of three build variables viz. raster angle, layer height, and raster width. The impact test specimen was fabricated at varying build conditions and tested as per the ASTM D256 standard. Results showed that the raster angle was found to be the most significant build parameter that affects the impact strength of a printed specimen. The higher impact strength was achieved at 0° raster angle with 300 µm layer height and 700 µm raster width. However, the results obtained may be effective only within the limit of parameters and ranges tested in this work. Furthermore, SEM analysis of fracture surface reveals that failure mode is influenced mainly by the raster angle. Apart from that, voids have also been displayed on the fractured surface that may act as stress concentration and reduce the strength.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

References

  1. Bamiduro O, Owolabi G, Haile MA, Riddick JC (2019) The influence of load direction, microstructure, raster orientation on the quasi-static response of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyp J 25:462–472. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-04-2018-0087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. McLouth TD, Severino JV, Adams PM, Patel DN, Zaldivar RJ (2017) The impact of print orientation and raster pattern on fracture toughness in additively manufactured ABS. Addit Manuf 18:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Costa AE, da Silva AF, Carneiro OS (2019) A study on extruded filament bonding in fused filament fabrication. Rapid Prototyp J 25(3):555–565. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2018-0062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Peng F, Zhao Z, Xia X, Cakmak M, Vogt BD (2018) Enhanced impact resistance of three-dimensional-printed parts with structured filaments. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(18):16087–16094. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b00866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dawoud M, Taha I, Ebeid SJ (2016) Mechanical behaviour of ABS: An experimental study using FDM and injection moulding techniques. J Manuf Process 21:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang L, Gardner DJ (2017) Effect of fused layer modeling (FLM) processing parameters on impact strength of cellular polypropylene. Polym 113:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Wang L, Gramlich WM, Gardner DJ (2017) Improving the impact strength of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) in fused layer modeling (FLM). Polym 114:242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Upadhyay K, Dwivedi R, Singh AK (2017) Determination and comparison of the anisotropic strengths of fused deposition modeling P400 ABS. In: Wimpenny D, Pandey P, Kumar L (eds) Advances in 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Springer, Singapore, pp 9–28

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Kamoona SN, Masood SH, Mohamed OA (2017) An investigation on impact resistance of FDM processed Nylon-12 parts using response surface methodology. AIP Conf Proc 1859(1):020120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Górski FI, Kuczko WI, Wichniarek RA (2014) Impact strength of ABS parts manufactured using Fused Deposition Modeling technology. Arch Mech Technol Autom 31(1):3–12

    Google Scholar 

  11. Es-Said OS, Foyos J, Noorani R, Mendelson M, Marloth R, Pregger BA (2000) Effect of layer orientation on mechanical properties of rapid prototyped samples. Mater Manuf Process 15(1):107–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910008912976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ziemian C, Sharma M, Ziemian S (2012) Anisotropic mechanical properties of ABS parts fabricated by fused deposition modelling. In: Gokcek M (ed) Mechanical engineering. United Kingdom; InTech Open, pp.159–180.

  13. Tsouknidas A, Pantazopoulos M, Katsoulis I, Fasnakis D, Maropoulos S, Michailidis N (2016) Impact absorption capacity of 3D-printed components fabricated by fused deposition modelling. Mater Design 102:41–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Fatimatuzahraa AW, Farahaina B, Yusoff WA. (2011) The effect of employing different raster orientations on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Fused Deposition Modeling parts. In: 2011 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA) pp. 22–27.

  15. Roberson DA, Perez AR, Shemelya CM, Rivera A, MacDonald E, Wicker RB (2015) Comparison of stress concentrator fabrication for 3D printed polymeric izod impact test specimens. Addit Manuf 7:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Gurrala PK, Regalla SP (2014) Part strength evolution with bonding between filaments in fused deposition modelling. Virtual Phys Prototyp 9(3):141–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2014.913400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Sood AK, Ohdar RK, Mahapatra SS (2010) Parametric appraisal of mechanical property of fused deposition modelling processed parts. Mater Design 31(1):287–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pivsa-Art W, Chaiyasat A, Pivsa-Art S, Yamane H, Ohara H (2013) Preparation of polymer blends between poly (lactic acid) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and biodegradable polymers as compatibilizers. Energy Procedia 34:549–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jo MY, Ryu YJ, Ko JH, Yoon JS (2012) Effects of compatibilizers on the mechanical properties of ABS/PLA composites. J Appl Polym Sci 125:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Tsuji H (2014) Poly (lactic acid). In: Kabasci S (ed) Bio-based plastics: materials and applications. Willey, United Kingdom, pp 171–239

    Google Scholar 

  21. Choe IJ, Lee JH, Yu JH, Yoon JS (2014) Mechanical properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer/poly (l-lactic acid) blends and their composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 131:40329. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. ISO/ASTM 52921, 2013. Standard terminology for additive manufacturing–coordinate systems and test methodologies.

  23. Internasional, ASTM, 2018. ASTM D256–10 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics.

  24. Coogan TJ, Kazmer DO (2017) Bond and part strength in fused deposition modeling. Rapid Prototyp J 23:414–422. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2016-0050

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India

    Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit & Harshit K. Dave

Authors
  1. Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Harshit K. Dave
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harshit K. Dave.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rajpurohit, S.R., Dave, H.K. Impact strength of 3D printed PLA using open source FFF-based 3D printer. Prog Addit Manuf 6, 119–131 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-020-00150-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-020-00150-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation