Metalcasting Industry Research

AFS directly funds research projects from the allocation of a portion of annual dues paid by AFS Corporate Membership. In addition, AFS is involved in several research partnerships supported by government funding, industry contributions, and other means. Support of research is critical for North America to maintain a strong, vibrant, healthy, and continually advancing metalcasting industry. AFS participates in these projects by securing industry partners and providing technical management and oversight. AFS currently is active in two metalcasting research funding partnerships.

American Metalcasting Consortium/Defense Logistics Agency-Funded Projects

AFS is a partner in the American Metalcasting Consortium (AMC). AMC is funded through the US Department of Defense (DOD), Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). The American Metalcasting Consortium provides direct support to the DLA through new technology, improved processes, and technical expertise in the procurement of metal castings to ensure warfighter readiness. AFS is managing two projects under the current AMC program, Innovative Casting Technology.

Casting Alloy Data Search (CADS)

AFS through AMC/DLA has developed a very effective web-based tool called Casting Alloy Data Search (CADS) for design engineers and ICME professionals which has been used for over five years by foundry professionals and which is accessible through the AFS website. CADS needs to further expand to accommodate more ICME relevant data generation for optimization and more accurate predictions of thermo-physical and thermo-mechanical properties for materials beyond casting alloys, such as molding media. The goal of this research project is to enhance the current CADS and create an additional module of CADS for the nonmetallics, such as molding and core materials, and populate it by generating and validating data useful to ICME professionals. CADS is developed in partnership with Product Development & Analysis (PDA).

Integration of ICME Tools in Casting Design and Process Optimization for Intelligent Manufacturing

The project will develop an effective and integrated ICME framework as an approach to make more efficient casting designs and improved manufacturing approaches. Current physics-based simulation tools are limited to simulate for a few finite known process variables, but do not account for many more, including dimensional, compositional and section thickness variability inherent to the metalcasting process. A comprehensive approach of physics-based simulation with probabilistic metamodeling using historic data is unique and will allow for rapid and more accurate predictions.

Current ACRC-Funded Projects:

• Big Data for Assessment and Enhancement of Casting Processes (ACRC)

  Modern foundries have the capability to capture a vast amount of process data on a daily basis. However, the data from various sources throughout the operation are often kept in silos where their value might have limited utility. This is especially true when there are no significant quality issues arising to motivate a holistic interrogation of these data. It is a lost opportunity for the foundry if there is no way to compile, fuse, and analyze these data to better understand the process factors influencing the quality of castings.

• FEA Correlation of 3D Scanned Model of Cast Porosity (ACRC)

  The advancements in CT technology and software enable complete digital reconstruction of castings and mapping of the internal porosity. This potentially allows for simulation of components with real porosity and more representative results for deflection and bending. This project is researching the viability of integrating these capabilities including models for reducing the computational time without significantly reducing accuracy.

• Development of an Al-Based Structural Alloy Not Requiring Post-Solidification Heat Treatment (ACRC)

  This project aims to develop a novel non-heat-treated Al alloy, having

  • Good castability

  • A minimum yield strength of 120MPa (17.4ksi)

  • A minimum elongation of 11%.

    An Integrated Computational Material Engineering (ICME) approach will be implemented to identify potential alloy compositions outside of the Al-Si eutectic that many die casting alloys are based on. Candidate alloys will be compared to A206 and A356 to identify eutectic systems with improved castability (hot tearing) while maintaining integrity of mechanical properties.

• Thermal Management of Molds (ACRC)

  There is a need for enhancing the technology for thermal management for metal molds, including permanent mold and die casting dies. Foundries and die casters currently use a variety of techniques to add or remove heat to prepare mold for production, maintain mold temperatures in process and establish effect thermal gradients to control solidification. The project scope is to investigate new and emerging technologies for heating and holding die temperature and develop a self-regulating mold thermal management system.

• Al Green Alloy Development

It is imperative to understand the carbon footprint of cast aluminum in both primary and secondary alloys if one hopes to reduce the carbon footprint. The purpose of this project is to create a proper dynamic material flow analysis of aluminum scrap streams so as to assist in managing the impurity content. Lower impurity content should allow for resulting scrap stream aluminum that will have a higher percentage of recycled content, and accordingly a lower carbon footprint, than is common and possible today.

Projects Leveraged With Funding From Federal Agencies and Industry

• Novel High-Strength Aluminum Alloys Designed for Additive Manufacturing

• Rapid Creation of Tooling with Conformal Cooling (ATI)

• Optimal Design and Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Shell-Based pH Steel Metamaterials

• Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)—ARL

• Complex Concentrated Alloys (CCAM)

AFS-Funded and Monitored Research

AFS directly funds research projects from the allocation of a portion of annual dues paid by AFS Corporate Membership. Current AFS-funded research projects are described below.

Determining the Effect of Boron in Gray Iron

Principal Investigators: Dr. Laura Bartlett, Dr. Simon Lekakh, Missouri University of Science and Technology

The use of boron-containing ultra-high-strength steel parts has been ever increasing in Europe and North America since 2007. All of that steel is now making its way into the scrap supply with unintended quality control consequences to gray iron foundries. The other source of boron in gray iron melts can come from fresh furnace linings. Although boron is known to be a powerful carbide stabilizer, it may also counteract the effects of pearlite stabilizing elements like Cu and Mn, resulting in “soft” pearlitic castings. It is debated what is the “safe” level of boron in gray iron castings or what effect boron has on the microstructure and mechanical properties. Conflicting reports exist because the synergistic effects of boron and pearlite stabilizing elements such as Cu and Sn, and other minor elements, such as N and Ti, have not been considered.

The purpose of this project is to quantitatively evaluate the effect of different boron additions in the range of 8 to 60ppm on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Class 30 and Class 40 gray iron. The synergistic effect of boron and other alloying elements such as Cu and Sn trace elements such as nitrogen will be evaluated.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Cast Iron Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Effect of Ceramic Sand on Cast Iron Mechanical Properties

Principal Investigator: Dr. Scott Giese, University of Northern Iowa

Due to the OSHA Silica Rule under enforcement in the foundry industry today, many foundries are considering changing from silica sand to a ceramic sand/media to alleviate the issue. There are many questions associated with this change, but one that is of primary importance is understanding the effect, if any, in microstructure and the associated mechanical properties that might accompany the use of the ceramic sand/media.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the effect of ceramic sand/media on the mechanical properties for Class 30 iron and 80-55-06 ductile iron.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Cast Iron Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

PVD Coatings to Aid Release for Permanent Mold Castings

Principal Investigator: Dr. Stephen Midson, Colorado School of Mines

Aluminum often strongly solders to uncoated steel dies when cast in permanent metal molds. To address this problem, metalcasters use lubricants, which often need to be applied to the die prior to the production of each casting. For high-pressure die casting, organic lubricants are sprayed onto the die, while for permanent mold casting, ceramic coatings and graphite are used. Although the application is necessary, they cause various problems, such as reducing the quality of the castings and the creation of costly housekeeping issues. In addition, they are expensive and add to the cost of the casting.

The purpose of this project is to develop and utilize a laboratory test that can provide a quantitative measurement of the impact of different PVD coatings on the level of adhesion and force required to extract long cores from aluminum coatings.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Permanent Mold Committee. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

LFC Molds Produced Using Additive Manufacturing

Principal Investigator: Marshall Miller, Tesseract4D

Tooling constructed of T6061-T6 is considered expensive and requires special programing software and skilled programmers.

The purpose of this project is to determine the applicable metal additive manufacturing method and material for medium and high volume considering material durability, material costs, cycle time, equipment costs and skill level required for production as compared to conventional methods.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Lost Foam Division and Additive Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

LFC Molds Produced Using Polymer FDM and SLA Additive Manufacturing

Principal Investigator: Marshall Miller, Tesseract4D

Tooling constructed of T6061-T6 is considered expensive and requires special programing software and skilled programmers.

The purpose of this project is to determine the applicable FDM (fused deposition modeling) polymer additive manufacturing and SLA (stereolithographic additive) method and material for low- and medium-volume considering material durability, material costs, cycle time, equipment costs and skill level required for production as compared to conventional methods.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Lost Foam Division and Additive Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Dimensional Tolerance Assessment Using 3D-Printed Sand Casting Process

Principal Investigators: Jiten Shah, Product Development; Tyler Nooyen, Waupaca Foundry, Inc.

The use of 3D-printed sand (3DPS) casting process is growing in the production environment, and the initial feedback is comparable to the precise sand casting processes. The adoption of the 3DPS is seen mainly with the hybrid approach, where the mold is made with the conventional green sand process and the complex core assembly is redesigned with a three-piece consolidated core using 3DPS. Very little is studied and known in the public domain about the dimensional tolerances achieved with this toolingless precision sand casting process, especially the potential of achieving much better true position and internal feature tolerances.

The purpose of this project is to identify and provide guidelines for improved dimensional tolerances with 3D-printed sand iron castings to design engineers.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Additive Manufacturing Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Dynamic Testing and Analytics From Working Green Sand Systems

Principal Investigators: Dr. Sam Ramrattan, Dr. Lee Wells, Western Michigan University

Green sand control is a conundrum because there exists a wide array of factors, such as water, clay, additives, and sand grain surface,. that continuously fluctuate during a foundry’s day-to-day operations. Foundry engineers have long known that baseline standard green sand properties test provide limited information for green sand control.

The purpose of this project is to provide a statistical model demonstrating the ability of newly developed “dynamic” green sand control tools to augment standard tests and effectively detect near real-time process shifts affecting casting quality. The tests and strategy will reveal the influence of advanced oxidation bentonite treatment on green sand stability, scrap rate, energy signature, dimensional stability, and labor per shipped unit at a working green sand foundry.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Molding Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Iron Casting Life Cycle Analysis

Principal Investigators: Dr. Greg Keoleian, Dr. Daniel Cooper, University of Michigan

There are limited life cycle inventory data available to characterize the energy and environmental performance of ductile iron cast products for the automotive and other industry sectors. The data is used by industry and other analysts to inform material selection and design decisions. Consequently, the ductile cast iron industry is missing the opportunity to compare the energy and environmental performance of their components against equivalents.

The purpose of this project is to develop a life cycle analysis (LCA) model to characterize the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions for cast ductile iron parts and wrought steel equivalents.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Cast Iron Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Disposable, Wireless Sensor Systems for Integration within Molds and Cores

Principal Investigators: Dr. Eric MacDonald, University of Texas at El Paso, Jerry Thiel, University of Northern Iowa

Relative to other forms of casting, sand casting provides a wide range of sizes, complexity, and types of metal alloys and combined with additive manufacturing (AM), complex, reverse engineered geometries are now possible. One potential benefit for 3D printing-enabled casting is the design freedom necessary to introduce cavities for the housing of disposable wireless sensors (the Internet of Things) in remote and traditionally inaccessible mold and core locations. Process variation (during molding fabrication and casting) has been the source of defects and delays in product delivery. Monitoring variations in the molding and casting process can support the prediction of product quality and provide valuable feedback to improve the process. The resulting data informatics will advance US foundries into the Manufacturing 4.0 paradigm

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the potential of wireless sensing for improving casting process quality and yield, identify failed castings, and validate casting simulations.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Additive Manufacturing Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Low CRI, High CSR Coke Cupola Trials

Principal Investigators: Steve Hay, Hay Melting Solutions, Bruce Blatzer

Higher CSR (coke strength after reactivity) coke has higher hot strength implying that coke with those properties will travel farther down the cupola shaft which can enhance metal temperature and carbon pick up. Furthermore, the stronger coke in the presence of heat and CO2 will better support the burden in the cupola. Furthermore, lower ash fusion temperatures of blast furnace coke implies a higher carbon pickup from such coke. Research is needed to determine if coke for cupola melting with a lower CRI (coke reactivity) and higher CSR can enhance performance and cost for cupola melting.

The purpose of this project is to reduce coke per ton of iron melted with no change in melted iron properties and no detrimental changes in the melting operation.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Melting Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Quantifying Aluminum Casting Quality through H Gas—(Phase 2)

Principal Investigator: Daniel Hoefert, Eck Industries, Inc.

Foundries producing gravity pour aluminum castings have several gating concepts to choose from. Phase 1 (Quantifying Casting Quality through Filling Conditions) compared three systems that provided different filling conditions, ranging from tranquil bottom filling, to semi-tranquil side filling to turbulent top filling. The results of the top and side filling gating systems repeatedly exhibited less shrinkage porosity and improved the general tensile properties over the bottom filling system, while bottom filling did avoid turbulence and oxide films associated with buoyant bubbles and non-buoyant flow tubes. Tranquil filling did not reduce the overall shrinkage porosity in the castings and did not improve tensile properties. However, other observations suggested that relationship may exist between hydrogen gas levels in melts and subsequent interdendritic porosity. It also suggested hydrogen gas levels may reduce bubble formations.

The purpose of this project is to gain additional understanding regarding the solidification and filling dynamics that common defects are associated with, such as porosity (micro and macro), bubbles, flow tubes, and hydrogen gas that aluminum foundries face.

The project is being monitored by the AFS Aluminum and Light Metals Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

Foundry Emissions Benchmarking Database

Principal Investigator: Craig Schmeisser, Mad River Strategies, LLC.

The foundry industry has limited publicly available information for comparative analysis of emissions associated with iron and steel foundries.

The purpose of this project is to compile collected foundry emissions information and process information, as available, into a singular searchable database.

The project is being monitored by the AFS EHS Division. For more information about the project, contact AFS Senior Technical Associate Bo Wallace (bwallace@afsinc.org).

AFS Information Services

Casting Process and Alloy Assistance

The American Foundry Society website (www.afsinc.org) provides tools to assist casting design engineers in selecting the best casting process for a potential component, and provides casting alloy property data on many commonly used alloys. The goal is to give casting users, design engineers, and purchasers relevant and accurate information on casting capabilities and properties, providing easily accessible and retrievable information from a single site. The alloy property data can be quickly exported to a spreadsheet or FEA tools. The casting alloy and process selector, Casting Alloy Data Search (CADS), is located at www.afsinc.org under the “Designers & Buyers” tab, or can be accessed directly at https://www.afscads.com/. For more information, contact Brian Began, AFS Vice President of Metalcasting Technical Services, at 847-824-0181 ext. 228, or bbegan@afsinc.org.

Casting Source Directory

Casting Source Directory is available to the public on the AFS website at www.afsinc.org. The site provides a directory of AFS Corporate Member metalcasters in a single source. Potential casting buyers can search by metal, alloy, casting process, casting size (weight), and US state to locate a casting provider that meets their needs. The Casting Source Directory is located at www.afsinc.org under the “Designers & Buyers” tab, or can be accessed directly at www.castingsource.com/metalcaster-directory. For more information, contact Brian Began, AFS Vice President of Metalcasting Technical Services, at 847-824-0181 ext. 228, or bbegan@afsinc.org.

CastingConnection

CastingConnection is a private, professional social network to connect, engage, and share critical industry information and best practices in real time. Through the open forum and sites devoted to our special interest groups, members gather to network via a comprehensive member directory, and participate in focused discussion groups. AFS members access and share useful, informative documents and media in all formats. Visit https://afsinc.force.com/castingconnection/s/.

Library

The AFS online library serves the needs of the metalcasting industry for current and historic information on metallurgy, casting processes and material property data. The digital library is open to all AFS members. With a simple-to-use search, members have access to relevant technical and research articles and reports from all AFS published sources. Author and summary information is available for viewing, and full articles can be downloaded. All technical and management papers published in AFS Transactions, from the very first edition (published in 1896) to the present, are available, as well as technical articles from all AFS magazines. The library is located on the AFS website (www.afsinc.org) under the “Innovation & Management” tab. The library also includes summary information for technical articles published in the International Journal of Metalcasting. For more information, contact the AFS Senior Technical Associate at 847-824-0181 ext. 249, or bwallace@afsinc.org.

Foundry E-Learning

AFS offers industry-specific training, information, and education for metalcasters in a web-based format for a single access fee. The AFS Foundry E-Learning program gives subscribing organizations full access to online modules for formal staff training on a wide variety of metalcasting topics. Individual e-Learning modules also are available a la carte. More information and a video demonstration are available at www.afsinc.org/e-learning.

AFS Technology Transfer

AFS CastExpo 2022: Future Directions in Metalcasting

CastExpo, North America’s largest metalcasting trade show and congress, will return April 23-26, 2022, in Columbus, Ohio. Thousands of decision-makers from across the metalcasting supply chain will participate, innovative new technologies will be unveiled, and millions of dollars in purchases will be initiated and finalized, making it the most important appointment on your 2022 business calendar.

Conferences and Workshops

AFS offers members and industry personnel an extensive program of professional development and learning opportunities on a wide variety of topics covering all aspects of metalcasting, including casting alloys and technologies, as well as events targeting EHS, management, and marketing professionals. In addition, AFS is sponsoring several workshops and conferences focused on best practices and the latest metalcasting technical developments, metallurgy, production, and safety.

• 2022 Management Training and Development Summit (May 18-20, Schaumburg, IL): Advance your skills and discover your strengths as a manager at the prime event for metalcasting supervisors and human resources professionals. The 2022 Management Training and Development Summit is where the industry’s current and rising leaders come to grow as managers, motivators, talent-spotters, and more. Join us as we dive into working smarter, living better, and learning skills that develop daring leaders. Take advantage of the leadership and cultural transformation process for your organization. Learn to leverage Diversity, Equity & Inclusion programs for your workplace. And immerse yourself in roundtables that will give you actionable ideas to bring back to your office. You’ll leave inspired, refreshed, and ready to take on the challenges of today’s ever-changing metalcasting workforce.

• 2022 Government Affairs Fly-In (June 6-7, 2022, Washington, DC): Join fellow AFS members to discern how policy issues will affect your business and to help AFS advocate for better policy outcomes on issues such as infrastructure investment, trade, workforce readiness and tax issues. Day one features a briefing on key issues featuring leading experts, followed by a gala reception at the prestigious Capitol Hill Club, where AFS will present awards to lawmakers with a strong record of supporting metalcasters. Day two features high-impact meetings with your members of the House and Senate. Together, our advocacy efforts make a difference!

• 2022 Aluminum Casting Conference (June 14-16, St. Louis, MO): Come together with fellow aluminum casters to learn the best practices and the latest trends in aluminum casting. The 2022 AFS aluminum conference will cover all topics relating to aluminum and to the production of cast aluminum components, with special emphasis on melt quality and casting process controls. The conference will discuss new and emerging technologies, best practices for thermal management of permanent molds and heat treatments of castings, and it will provide practical advice that will be directly applicable by foundries to improve process control and casting quality. This event is relevant to all aluminum foundries, including sand, lost foam, investment, permanent mold and die casting operations.

• 2022 Foundry Industry 4.0 Conference (July 25-27, 2022, Itasca, IL): What do metalcasting owners, CEOs, COOs and foundry managers need to know about Industry 4.0 to make smart investments and gain a lasting business advantage for their foundries? Industry 4.0 is no longer just about the future. Smart, proactive manufacturers are using technology today to improve productivity, profitability, and worker safety. Evaluating and implementing technology today is the key to remaining competitive and sustainable tomorrow. Join us at the Eaglewood Resort in Itasca, Illinois, convenient to O’Hare Airport, for an array of expert speakers and superb business networking.

• Chapter Officers Conference (August 7-8, Schaumburg, IL): Save the date and assemble a delegation to represent your AFS chapter at the Chapter Officers Conference at AFS headquarters in Schaumburg, IL. In addition to a fun social event at Topgolf the evening of August 7, chapter leaders from all AFS chapters will convene on August 8 to discuss best practices in meeting planning, communications, recruitment, student engagement, and more. There will be a comprehensive overview of AFS membership benefits as well as the resources available to you as chapter leaders.

• 2022 Sand Casting Conference (September 12-14, Milwaukee, WI): Hear from leading experts on green sand casting and chemically bonded molds and cores. This conference will cover the latest advances in sand casting technologies as well as practical information that will help attendees improve their foundry processes. Learn how others are perfecting their sand casting operations and benchmark your operation against what others have done.

• 2022 Safety 101 Seminar (October 2-3, Milwaukee, WI): This two-day seminar is for people who are relatively new to the safety and health field. This includes those with three or fewer years of experience, those with three or fewer years in the metalcasting industry, and those who have multiple roles in addition to the safety and health field. The seminar will introduce basic safety and health terminology and concepts relevant to the safety field. It will cover some specific OSHA regulatory topics such as electrical safety, arc flash, lockout/tagout (hazardous energy), machine guarding, respirable silica, emergency planning, and fire protection. It will also present information about safety theory, including the OSHA hierarchy of controls, incident investigation practices, general industrial hygiene concepts, dealing with drugs in the workplace, how to handle an OSHA visit, and tips for safety training. The last session on the second day will have a safety and health panel to field participant questions that weren’t answered during the seminar, or on which participants want further clarification. Attendees must be present for the full two days in order to receive an AFS training certificate.

• 34^th Environmental, Health & Safety Conference (October 4-6, Milwaukee, WI): The annual AFS Environmental, Health & Safety Conference is the singular event for foundry industry EHS professionals to network, benchmark and learn from each other. Attendees will share case studies of successful EHS projects, hear about cutting-edge issues from EHS and regulatory experts, and meet with vendors of EHS equipment and services. Join your fellow EHS peers in Milwaukee, WI, for the 34th AFS Environmental, Health & Safety Conference. Note: The AFS Safety 101 Seminar will be hosted at the same venue from Oct. 2-3, 2022, leading up to the EHS Conference.

Web-Based Events

AFS also offers a series of technical webinars. Open to all industry personnel (offered at no cost to AFS members), web-based seminars provide relevant information presented by industry experts on a wide variety of metalcasting subjects. An archive of past webinars is also available. For a full listing of upcoming and past webinars, visit the “Events” tab on the AFS website at www.afsinc.org.

Information and Registration

AFS educational events provide relevant and practical information to improve casting quality, productivity, and profitability for metalcasting facilities and provide expertise in marketing and management issues. For more information, contact AFS Technical Assistant Kim Perna at 847-824-0181 ext. 246 or technicalassistant@afsinc.org, or AFS Vice President of Metalcasting Technical Services at 847-824-0181 ext. 228 or bbegan@afsinc.org. For a full listing of AFS educational opportunities, visit the “Events” tab on the AFS website at www.afsinc.org.

• April 23-26 CastExpo 2022, Columbus, OH

• May 18-20 2022 Management Training and Development Summit, Schaumburg, IL

• June 7-8 2022 Government Affairs Fly-In, Washington D.C.

• June 14-16 2022 Aluminum Conference, St. Louis, MO

• July 25-27 Foundry Industry 4.0 Conference, Itasca, IL

• July 11-13 LMT2022 (Light Metals Technology), Melbourne, Victoria Australia

• August 7-8 2022 Chapter Officers Conference, Schaumburg, IL

• September 12-14 2022 Sand Conference, Milwaukee, WI

• September 18-20 2022 Foundry Leadership Summit, White Sulphur Springs, WV

• October 2-3 2022 Safety 101 Seminar, Milwaukee, WI

• October 4-6 34th Environmental, Health and Safety Conference, Milwaukee, WI

• October 16-20 74th WFC (World Foundry Congress) Busan, Korea http://www.74wfc.com/

• February 27-28, 2023, 2023 Cast Iron Conference, Charlotte, NC

• April 25-27, 2023, AFS Metalcasting Congress 2023, Cleveland, OH

• April 22-24, 2024, AFS Metalcasting Congress 2024, Milwaukee, WI