Quantitative 3-D investigation of faulting in deep mining using Mohr–Coulomb criterion and slip weakening law

Table 1 Parameters utilized in the numerical model

Parameters	Values	Parameters	Values
Young's modulus, E (GPa)	15	Static friction coefficient, μ_s	0.6, 0.7, 0.8
Poisson's ratio, ν	0.25	Dynamic friction coefficient, μ_d	0.6–0.7
Shear modulus, G (GPa)	6.5	Critical slip distance, D_c (m)	0.01–0.11
Density, ρ (kg/m³)	2400	Depth, h (m)	400–1600
Fault dip angle, φ (°)	30 (20–70)^b	Mining distance, D_m (m)	− 200–200
Background stress ratio, σ_h	2.0	Mining level, (m)	1000^a
Background stress ratio, σ_H	2.0 (3.0)^b	Panel width, (m)	200
Cohesion stress, C (MPa)	0	Panel length, W_m (m)	200–600
Dip angle of the coal seam, (°)	0 (12)^a	Mining thickness, (m)	10 (11.5)^a

^aThe parameters enclosed in brackets correspond to actual measurements from the Yuejin coal mine, as reported by Cai et al. (2021); ^bThe parameters listed in brackets were specifically employed in the virtual fault analysis, allowing us to simulate and understand faulting process under controlled, hypothetical conditions. This dual approach—combining real-world data with simulated scenarios—enhances the robustness of our findings and provides a comprehensive understanding of fault dynamics in mining-induced seismic environments