Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Factors Related to the Delay in Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in the Word: A Systematic Review

  • Review article
  • Published:
Indian Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aim

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world. Breast cancer is a potentially treatable cancer if diagnosed at an early stage. Considering that delay in timely diagnosis of breast cancer directly affects the survival of patients, this study was conducted to identify the causes and factors related to this issue at the global level.

Materials and Methods

In order to identify the factors related to the delay in breast cancer diagnosis, a search was conducted in databases such as Medline, Web of Science Core Collection (Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A & HCI Time span) and Scopus using keywords such as; breast cancer, delay, diagnosis, neoplasm, cancer, tumor, breast, late diagnosis, late presentation, late detection, early detection, and early diagnosis.

Results

In total, 90 articles were entered into the study. The findings of this study revealed various factors contributed in late breast cancer diagnosis, including lack of knowledge, psychological barriers, demographic variable, perceived risk, nature of the disease, complementary and traditional medicine, fatalism, religion and culture, economic burden, low priority, social support, provider related factors, diagnostic related factors and system related factors.

Conclusion

Knowing the related factors to late stage diagnosis of breast cancer is the first step in the improving the current situation. Public education, necessary training for health care providers and also update their skills to reduce the rate of delayed diagnosis by conducting proper assessment, careful evaluation and appropriate referral are necessary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ghoncheh M, Mohammadian M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Salehiniya H. The Incidence and Mortality of Colorectal Cancer and Its Relationship With the Human Development Index in Asia. Ann Glob Health. 2016;82(5):726–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Momenimovahed Z, Salehiniya H. Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 2019;11:151.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020 GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA A Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jafari SH, Saadatpour Z, Salmaninejad A, Momeni F, Mokhtari M, Nahand JS, et al. Breast cancer diagnosis: Imaging techniques and biochemical markers. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(7):5200–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Facione NC. Delay versus help seeking for breast cancer symptoms: a critical review of the literature on patient and provider delay. Soc Sci Med. 1993;36(12):1521–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Caplan L. Delay in breast cancer: implications for stage at diagnosis and survival. Front Public Health. 2014;2:87.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Hisham AN, Yip C-H. Overview of breast cancer in Malaysian women: a problem with late diagnosis. Asian J Surg. 2004;27(2):130–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kuo T-M, Mobley LR, Anselin L. Geographic disparities in late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in California. Health Place. 2011;17(1):327–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dixon-Woods M, Agarwal S, Jones D, Young B, Sutton A. Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: a review of possible methods. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2005;10(1):45–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman D. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg (London, England). 2010;8(5):336–41.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rastad H, Khanjani N, Khandani BK. Causes of delay in seeking treatment in patients with breast cancer in Iran: a qualitative content analysis study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(9):4511–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Duijm L, Groenewoud J, Jansen F, Fracheboud J, van Beek M, de Koning H. Mammography screening in the Netherlands: delay in the diagnosis of breast cancer after breast cancer screening. Br J Cancer. 2004;91(10):1795–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Abo Al-Shiekh SS, Alajerami YS, Etewa BB, Elsous AM. System Delay in Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Gaza Strip. Palest J Oncol. 2019;2019:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Altwalbeh D, El Dahshan M, Yassin R. Factors influencing delayed presentation of breast cancer among Saudi women. Int J Sci Res. 2015;1(4):967–74.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Arndt V, Stürmer T, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Becker A, Brenner H. Provider delay among patients with breast cancer in Germany: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(8):1440–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Arndt V, Stürmer T, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Dhom G, Brenner H. Patient delay and stage of diagnosis among breast cancer patients in Germany–a population based study. Br J Cancer. 2002;86(7):1034–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Baig M, Sohail I, Altaf HN, Altaf OS. Factors influencing delayed presentation of breast cancer at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Cancer Rep. 2019;2(1): e1141.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bairati I, Jobin E, Fillion L, Larochelle M, Vincent L. Determinants of delay for breast cancer diagnosis. Cancer Detect Prev. 2007;31(4):323–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Barber M, Jack W, Dixon J. Diagnostic delay in breast cancer. Journal of British Surgery. 2004;91(1):49–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Brown CA, Kohler RE, John O, Motswetla G, Mmalane M, Tapela N, et al. Multilevel factors affecting time to cancer diagnosis and care quality in Botswana. Oncologist. 2018;23(12):1453–60.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Burgess C, Hunter MS, Ramirez AJ. A qualitative study of delay among women reporting symptoms of breast cancer. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51(473):967–71.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Burgess C, Potts H, Hamed H, Bish A, Hunter M, Richards M, et al. Why do older women delay presentation with breast cancer symptoms? Psycho-Oncol J Psychol Soc Behav Dimen Cancer. 2006;15(11):962–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Burgess CC, Ramirez A, Smith P, Richards M. Do adverse life events and mood disorders influence delayed presentation of breast cancer? J Psychosom Res. 2000;48(2):171–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Čačala SR, Gilart J. Factors Relating to Late Presentation of Patients With Breast Cancer in Area 2 KwaZulu-Natal. South Africa J Glob Oncol. 2017;3(5):497–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chintamani Tuteja A, Khandelwal R, Megha T, Bamal R, Jain S, et al. Patient and provider delays in breast cancer patients attending a tertiary care centre a prospective study. JRSM Short Rep. 2011;2(10):1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Coutinho Medeiros G, Santos Thuler LC, Bergmann A. Factors influencing delay in symptomatic presentation of breast cancer in Brazilian women. Health Soc Care Community. 2019;27(6):1525–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Da Silva RM, Pinheiro CPO, Bezerra IC, Caldas JMP, Brasil CCP. Mastectomy and the meaning attributed by patients to delay in early diagnosis of breast cancer. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev APJCP. 2018;19(8):2083.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dianatinasab M, Fararouei M, Mohammadianpanah M, Zare-Bandamiri M. Impact of social and clinical factors on diagnostic delay of breast cancer: A Cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2016;95(38):e4704.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Dianatinasab M, Mohammadianpanah M, Daneshi N, Zare-Bandamiri M, Rezaeianzadeh A, Fararouei M. Socioeconomic factors, health behavior, and late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer: considering the impact of delay in diagnosis. Clin Breast Cancer. 2018;18(3):239–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Elobaid Y, Aw T-C, Lim JN, Hamid S, Grivna M. Breast cancer presentation delays among Arab and national women in the UAE: a qualitative study. SSM-Popul Health. 2016;2:155–63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ermiah E, Abdalla F, Buhmeida A, Larbesh E, Pyrhönen S, Collan Y. Diagnosis delay in Libyan female breast cancer. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5(1):452.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Facione NC, Facione PA. The cognitive structuring of patient delay in breast cancer. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(12):3137–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Forbes LJL, Atkins L, Thurnham A, Layburn J, Haste F, Ramirez AJ. Breast cancer awareness and barriers to symptomatic presentation among women from different ethnic groups in east London. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(10):1474–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Foroozani E, Ghiasvand R, Mohammadianpanah M, Afrashteh S, Bastam D, Kashefi F, et al. Determinants of delay in diagnosis and end stage at presentation among breast cancer patients in Iran: a multi-center study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fouladi N, Barahman M, Amani F, Bahadoram M, Eghbali S. Factors associated with delayed diagnosis of breast cancer; a study in North-West of Iran. Immunopathologia Persa. 2019;6(1):e02.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Friedman LC, Kalidas M, Elledge R, Dulay MF, Romero C, Chang J, et al. Medical and psychosocial predictors of delay in seeking medical consultation for breast symptoms in women in a public sector setting. J Behav Med. 2006;29(4):327–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gebremariam A, Addissie A, Worku A, Assefa M, Pace LE, Kantelhardt EJ, et al. Time intervals experienced between first symptom recognition and pathologic diagnosis of breast cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e032228.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Gebremariam A, Addissie A, Worku A, Assefa M, Kantelhardt EJ, Jemal A. Perspectives of patients, family members, and health care providers on late diagnosis of breast cancer in Ethiopia: A qualitative study. PloS ONE. 2019;14(8):e0220769.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Gebremariam A, Dereje N, Addissie A, Worku A, Assefa M, Abreha A, et al. Factors associated with late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer among women in Addis Ababa. Ethiop Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021;185(1):117–24.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Goodson WH, Moore DH. Causes of physician delay in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(12):1343–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gueye M, Gueye SMK, Diallo M, Thiam O, Mbodji A, Diouf A, et al. Sociodemographic factors associated with delays in breast cancer. Open J Obst Gynecol. 2017;7(04):455.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gullatte MM, Brawley O, Kinney A, Powe B, Mooney K. Religiosity, spirituality, and cancer fatalism beliefs on delay in breast cancer diagnosis in African American women. J Relig Health. 2010;49(1):62–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gulzar F, Akhtar MS, Sadiq R, Bashir S, Jamil S, Baig SM. Identifying the reasons for delayed presentation of Pakistani breast cancer patients at a tertiary care hospital. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:1087–96.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Hafström L, Johansson H, Ahlberg J. Diagnostic delay of breast cancer–An analysis of claims to Swedish Board of Malpractice (LÖF). The Breast. 2011;20(6):539–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Harirchi I, Ghaemmaghami F, Karbakhsh M, Moghimi R, Mazaherie H. Patient delay in women presenting with advanced breast cancer: an Iranian study. Public Health. 2005;119(10):885–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hassen AM, Hussien FM, Asfaw ZA, Assen HE. Factors associated with delay in breast cancer presentation at the only oncology center in North East Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;14:681–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Hossaini F, Akbari ME, Soori H, Ramezankhani A. Perceived barriers to early detection of breast cancer in Iranian women: a qualitative content analysis. Int J Cancer Manag. 2020. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm.101467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Ibrahim N, Oludara M. Socio-demographic factors and reasons associated with delay in breast cancer presentation: a study in Nigerian women. The Breast. 2012;21(3):416–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Innos K, Padrik P, Valvere V, Eelma E, Kütner R, Lehtsaar J, et al. Identifying women at risk for delayed presentation of breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in Estonia. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):947.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Iskandarsyah A, de Klerk C, Suardi DR, Soemitro MP, Sadarjoen SS, Passchier J. Psychosocial and cultural reasons for delay in seeking help and nonadherence to treatment in Indonesian women with breast cancer: A qualitative study. Health Psychol. 2014;33(3):214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Jenner D, Middleton A, Webb W, Oommen R, Bates T. In-hospital delay in the diagnosis of breast cancer. J British Surg. 2000;87(7):914–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Joffe M, Ayeni O, Norris SA, McCormack VA, Ruff P, Das I, et al. Barriers to early presentation of breast cancer among women in Soweto, South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(2):e0192071.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Khan A, Khan K, Raza A, DQ ZU, Sultan B, Khan FA. Patient Self Delay Among Women With Breast Cancer. J Ayub Med Coll, Abbottabad JAMC. 2018;30(4):558–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Khan MA, Hanif S, Iqbal S, Shahzad MF, Shafique S, Khan MT. Presentation delay in breast cancer patients and its association with sociodemographic factors in North Pakistan. Chin J Cancer Res. 2015;27(3):288.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Lam W, Tsuchiya M, Chan M, Chan S, Or A, Fielding R. Help-seeking patterns in Chinese women with symptoms of breast disease: a qualitative study. J Public Health. 2009;31(1):59–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Li WW, Lam WW, Wong JH, Chiu A, Chan M, Or A, et al. Waiting to see the doctor: understanding appraisal and utilization components of consultation delay for new breast symptoms in Chinese women. Psychooncology. 2012;21(12):1316–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lim JNW, Potrata B, Simonella L, Ng CWQ, Aw T-C, Dahlui M, et al. Barriers to early presentation of self-discovered breast cancer in Singapore and Malaysia: a qualitative multicentre study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e009863.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Maghous A, Rais F, Ahid S, Benhmidou N, Bellahamou K, Loughlimi H, et al. Factors influencing diagnosis delay of advanced breast cancer in Moroccan women. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:356.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Malik IA, Gopalan S. Use of CAM results in delay in seeking medical advice for breast cancer. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003;18(8):817–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Maly RC, Leake B, Mojica CM, Liu Y, Diamant AL, Thind A. What influences diagnostic delay in low-income women with breast cancer? J Womens Health. 2011;20(7):1017–23.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Medeiros G, Thuler L, Bergmann A. Delay in breast cancer diagnosis: a Brazilian cohort study. Public Health. 2019;167:88–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Meechan G, Collins J, Petrie K. Delay in seeking medical care for self-detected breast symptoms in New Zealand women. N Z Med J. 2002;115(1166):U257.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Memon ZA, Shaikh AN, Rizwan S, Sardar MB. Reasons for patient’s delay in diagnosis of breast carcinoma in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(12):7409–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mohd Mujar NM, Dahlui M, Emran NA, Abdul Hadi I, Wai YY, Arulanantham S, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and delays in presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer patients in public hospitals in Malaysia. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0176394.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Montazeri A, Ebrahimi M, Mehrdad N, Ansari M, Sajadian A. Delayed presentation in breast cancer: a study in Iranian women. BMC Womens Health. 2003;3(1):4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Montella M, Crispo A, D’aiuto G, De Marco M, De Bellis G, Fabbrocini G, et al. Determinant factors for diagnostic delay in operable breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2001;10(1):53–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mousa SM, Seifeldin IA, Hablas A, Elbana ES, Soliman AS. Patterns of seeking medical care among Egyptian breast cancer patients: relationship to late-stage presentation. Breast. 2011;20(6):555–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Norsa’adah B, Rahmah MA, Rampal KG, Knight A. Understanding barriers to Malaysian women with breast cancer seeking help. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(8):3723–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Norsa’adah B, Rampal KG, Rahmah MA, Naing NN, Biswal BM. Diagnosis delay of breast cancer and its associated factors in Malaysian women. BMC Cancer. 2011;11(1):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nosarti C, Crayford T, Roberts J, Elias E, McKenzie K, David A. Delay in presentation of symptomatic referrals to a breast clinic: patient and system factors. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(3):742–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. O’Mahony M, McCarthy G, Corcoran P, Hegarty J. Shedding light on women’s help seeking behaviour for self discovered breast symptoms. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2013;17(5):632–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. O’Mahony M, Hegarty J. Factors influencing women in seeking help from a health care professional on self discovery of a breast symptom, in an Irish context. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(14):2020–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Odongo J, Makumbi T, Kalungi S, Galukande M. Patient delay factors in women presenting with breast cancer in a low income country. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8(1):467.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Olarewaju SO, Oyekunle EO, Bamiro AO. Effect of sociodemographic variables on patient and diagnostic delay of breast cancer at the Foremost health care institution in Nigeria. J Glob Oncol. 2019;5:1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Oshiro M, Kamizato M. Patients’ help-seeking experiences and delaying in breast cancer diagnosis: A qualitative study. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2018;15(1):67–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pace LE, Mpunga T, Hategekimana V, Dusengimana J-MV, Habineza H, Bigirimana JB, et al. Delays in breast cancer presentation and diagnosis at two rural cancer referral centers in Rwanda. The Oncologist. 2015;20(7):780.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Pakseresht S, Ingle GK, Garg S, Sarafraz N. Stage at diagnosis and delay in seeking medical care among women with breast cancer. Iranian Red Crescent Med J. 2014. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Partridge AH, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, Wong Y-N, Edge SB, Theriault RL, et al. The effect of age on delay in diagnosis and stage of breast cancer. Oncologist. 2012;17(6):775.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Poum A, Promthet S, Duffy SW, Parkin DM. Factors associated with delayed diagnosis of breast cancer in northeast Thailand. J Epidemiol. 2014;24(2):102–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Ali R, Mathew A, Rajan B. Effects of socio-economic and demographic factors in delayed reporting and late-stage presentation among patients with breast cancer in a major cancer hospital in South India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2008;9(4):703–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rathnayake RMCM, Halyale HMMGP, Tharanga KVN, De Silva BSS. Perceived factors related to delayed presentation of breast cancer among women with stage III and IV breast cancer in Sri Lanka. OUSL J. 2018;3(2):65–79.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Rauscher GH, Ferrans CE, Kaiser K, Campbell RT, Calhoun EE, Warnecke RB. Misconceptions about breast lumps and delayed medical presentation in urban breast cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19(3):640–7.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Rayne S, Schnippel K, Kruger D, Benn C, Firnhaber C. Delay to diagnosis and breast cancer stage in an urban South African breast clinic. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(3):159–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Reifenstein K. Care-seeking behaviors of African American women with breast cancer symptoms. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30(5):542–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ruddy KJ, Gelber S, Tamimi RM, Schapira L, Come SE, Meyer ME, et al. Breast cancer presentation and diagnostic delays in young women. Cancer. 2014;120(1):20–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Salih AM, Alfaki MM, Alam-Elhuda DM, Nouradyem MM. Factors delaying presentation of Sudanese breast cancer patients: an analysis using Andersen’s model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(4):2105–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Shah P, Save M, Khadilkar R, Shah P, Kader H, Eswarawaka M. Locally advanced breast cancer: an observational study for the delay in presentation of patients. Int Surg J. 2020;7(6):1758–62.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Shakor JK, Mohammed AK. Women’s delay in presenting breast cancer symptoms in Kurdistan-Iraq. J Cancer Res Ther. 2020;16(6):1360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Shamsi U, Khan S, Azam I, Usman S, Maqbool A, Gill T, et al. Patient delay in breast cancer diagnosis in two hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan: preventive and life-saving measures needed. JCO Glob Oncol. 2020;6:873–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Shieh S-H, Hsieh VC-R, Liu S-H, Chien C-R, Lin C-C, Wu T-N. Delayed time from first medical visit to diagnosis for breast cancer patients in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2014;113(10):696–703.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Stapleton JM, Mullan PB, Dey S, Hablas A, Gaafar R, Seifeldin IA, et al. Patient-mediated factors predicting early- and late-stage presentation of breast cancer in Egypt. Psychooncology. 2011;20(5):532–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Stuver SO, Zhu J, Simchowitz B, Hassett MJ, Shulman LN, Weingart SN. Identifying women at risk of delayed breast cancer diagnosis. Joint Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2011;37(12):568-AP2.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Taib NA, Yip CH, Low WY. A grounded explanation of why women present with advanced breast cancer. World J Surg. 2014;38(7):1676–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Taib NA, Yip CH, Low WY. Recognising symptoms of breast cancer as a reason for delayed presentation in Asian women–the psycho-socio-cultural model for breast symptom appraisal: opportunities for intervention. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev APJCP. 2011;12(6):1601–8.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Tesfaw A, Demis S, Munye T, Ashuro Z. Patient delay and contributing factors among breast cancer patients at two cancer referral centres in ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1391.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Unger-Saldaña K, Infante-Castañeda CB. Breast cancer delay: a grounded model of help-seeking behaviour. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(7):1096–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Unger-Saldaña K, Miranda A, Zarco-Espinosa G, Mainero-Ratchelous F, Bargalló-Rocha E, Miguel L-L. Health system delay and its effect on clinical stage of breast cancer: Multicenter study. Cancer. 2015;121(13):2198–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Yau T, Choi C, Ng E, Yeung R, Soong IS, Lee AW. Delayed presentation of symptomatic breast cancers in Hong Kong: experience in a public cancer centre. Hong Kong Medical Journal. 2010.

  99. Yusoff N, Taib NAM, Ahmad A. The health seeking trajectories of Malaysian women and their husbands in delay cases of breast cancer: a qualitative study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(10):2563–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Zhang H, Wang G, Zhang J, Lu Y, Jiang X. Patient delay and associated factors among Chinese women with breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2019;98(40):17454.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Ajekigbe AT. Fear of mastectomy: the most common factor responsible for late presentation of carcinoma of the breast in Nigeria. Clin Oncol (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)). 1991;3(2):78–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. de Jonge ETM, Vlasselaer J, Van de Putte G, Schobbens JC. The construct of breast cancer risk perception: need for a better risk communication? Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2009;1(2):122–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Akhigbe A, Akhigbe K. Effects of health belief and cancer fatalism on the practice of breast cancer screening among Nigerian women. Mammography-Recent Advances. 2012:71–88.

  104. Urban N, Anderson GL, Peacock S. Mammography screening: how important is cost as a barrier to use? Am J Public Health. 1994;84(1):50–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Kiefe CI, McKay SV, Halevy A, Brody BA. Is cost a barrier to screening mammography for low-income women receiving Medicare benefits? a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(11):1217–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Petro-Nustas W. Young Jordanian women’s health beliefs about mammography. J Comm Health Nurs. 2001;18(3):177–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Çam O, Gümüs AB. Breast cancer screening behavior in Turkish women: Relationships with health beliefs and self-esteem, body perception and hopelessness. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev: APJCP. 2009;10(1):49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Kang HS, Thomas E, Kwon BE, Hyun M-S, Jun EM. Stages of change: Korean women’s attitudes and barriers toward mammography screening. Health Care Women Int. 2008;29(2):151–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Wu T-Y, Liu Y-L, Chung S. Improving breast cancer outcomes among women in China: Practices, knowledge, and attitudes related to breast cancer screening. Int J Breast Cancer. 2012;201:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Lauver D, Coyle M, Panchmatia B. Women’s reasons for and barriers to seeking care for breast cancer symptoms. Women’s Health Issues. 1995;5(1):27–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Caplan LS, Helzlsouer KJ, Shapiro S, Wesley MN, Edwards BK. Reasons for delay in breast cancer diagnosis. Prev Med. 1996;25(2):218–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mahdavifar N, Pakzad R, Ghoncheh M, Pakzad I, Moudi A, Salehiniya H. Spatial Analysis of Breast Cancer Incidence in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(S3):59–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Arabsalmani M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Ghoncheh M, Hadadian F, Towhidi F, Vafaee K, Salehiniya H. Incidence and mortality of kidney cancers, and human development index in Asia; a matter of concern. J Nephropathol. 2017;6(1):30–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Bish A, Ramirez A, Burgess C, Hunter M. Understanding why women delay in seeking help for breast cancer symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2005;58(4):321–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran

    Zohre Momenimovahed & Samane Momenimovahed

  2. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

    Leila Allahqoli

  3. Social Determinants of Health Research Center,, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

    Hamid Salehiniya

Authors
  1. Zohre Momenimovahed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Samane Momenimovahed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Leila Allahqoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hamid Salehiniya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamid Salehiniya.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Momenimovahed, Z., Momenimovahed, S., Allahqoli, L. et al. Factors Related to the Delay in Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in the Word: A Systematic Review. Indian J Gynecol Oncolog 20, 30 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40944-022-00632-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40944-022-00632-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation