Abstract
Uncontrolled extraction of surface and groundwater for agricultural production in the Qare-soo watershed of Golestan province has exceeded its potential and has seriously endangered this vital resource. Therefore, there is a gap of 50 million cubic meters between the current and potential water extraction in this watershed. The agricultural sector is the largest water consumer in the country, so providing comprehensive water resource management practices and developing the right policies in this sector seems necessary. In this study, using the Positive Mathematical Programming method (PMP) with Maximum Entropy (ME) approach, the deficit irrigation (DI) strategy impacts on economic, social and environmental indicators in the lands covered by the Qare-soo watershed has been investigated. The required data were obtained using the two-stage cluster sampling method by completing 163 questionnaires by the farmers of the watershed in 2017–2018. Four scenarios, i.e., full irrigation, 5%, 10%, and 15% DI were conducted. The results showed that by the implementation of the DI, the cropping pattern has been severely affected and has shifted to higher economical crops, and also the simulation results of the PMP model showed that the cultivation area reduced by 7.1%, 14.4%, and 19.8%, respectively. As the results showed, the intrinsic value of water in the watershed is much higher than the amount paid by farmers. Moreover, the effects of DI on economic, environmental and social indicators in the watershed were examined. Therefore, the application of DI policy along with changing the cropping pattern can effectively reduce excessive water consumption and help to preserve and sustainability of water resources in the Qare-soo watershed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alizade A (2018) Handbook of appiled hydrology. Imam Reza University
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration—guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Fao Rome 300:D05109
Arribas I, Louhichi K, Perni Á, Vila J, Gómez-y-Paloma S (2017) Modelling farmers’ behaviour toward risk in a large scale positive mathematical programming (PMP) model. Advances in applied economic research. Springer, pp 625–643
Arribas I, Louhichi K, Perni A, Vila J, Gomez-y-Paloma S (2020) Modelling agricultural risk in a large scale positive mathematical programming model. Int J Comput Econ Econ 10:2–32. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCEE.2020.104136
Asaadi M, Khalilian S, Mousavi S (2019) Management of irrigation water allocation and cropping pattern with emphasis on deficit irrigation strategy (case study: Qazvin irrigation network). Iran Water Resour Res 14:1–14
Baghestani M, Zibaei M (2011) Measuring the willingness of farmers to pay for groundwater (Case Study of Ramjerd) district: using Parametric Mathematical Programming approache. J Agric Econ Dev 24:310–322. https://doi.org/10.22067/jead2.v1389i3.7729
Bakhshi A, Moghaddsi R, Kakhki MD (2011) An application of positive mathematical programming model to analyze the effects of alternative policies to water pricing in Mashhad Plain. J Agric Econ Dev 25:284–294. https://doi.org/10.22067/jead2.v1390i3.10809
Bashiri HR, Mousavi SN, Najafi B (2021) An analysis of the effects of the policies of water demand management in Marvdasht: an application of the positive mathematical programming (PMP). Iran J Agric Econ Dev Res 52:441–455. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2019.287458.668800
Esmaelnia BF, Sarlak A, Ghaffari H (2018) Investigating the economic and welfare effects of the water market: a positive mathematical programming model approach. Econ Model 12:119–136
Gleick PH, Palaniappan M (2010) Peak water limits to freshwater withdrawal and use. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:11155–11162
Hasanvand M, Joolaei R, Keramatzadeh A, Eshraghi F (2018) Application of positive mathematical programming model to analysis the effect of policy of changes in price and quantity of agriculture water on cropping pattern of crops in Neka County. Agric Econ (karaj) 12:73–95
Heckelei T, Britz W (2000) Positive mathematical programming with multiple data points: a cross-sectional estimation procedure. Cahiers D’economie Et De Sociologie Rurales INRA Ed 57:27–50. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.206148
Heckelei T, Britz W, Zhang Y (2012) Positive mathematical programming approaches–recent developments in literature and applied modelling. Bio Bsaed Appl Econ J 1:109–124. https://doi.org/10.13128/BAE-10567
Howitt RE (1995) Positive mathematical programming. Am J Agric Econ 77:329–342. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243543
Howitt RE (2002) Optimization model building in economics lecture notes, ARE 252
Jamalimoghaddam E, Yazdani S, Salami H, Peykani G (2019) The impact of water supply on farming systems: a sustainability assessment. Sustain Prod Consum 17:269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.11.001
Jury WA, Vaux H (2005) The role of science in solving the world’s emerging water problems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102:15715–15720. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506467102
Kiani S, Shahraki J, Akbari A, Sardar Shahraki A (2019) The forecast of economic welfare and food security of iran under climate changes. Environ Energ Econ Res 3:177–188. https://doi.org/10.22097/eeer.2019.165444.1065
Liu X, Duan J, van Kooten GC (2018) The impact of changes in the agristability program on crop activities: a farm modeling approach. J Agribus 34:650–667. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21544
Mack G, Ferjani A, Möhring A, von Ow A, Mann S (2020) How did farmers act? Ex-post validation of linear and positive mathematical programming approaches for farm-level models implemented in an agent-based agricultural sector model. Bio Bsaed Appl Econ J 8:3–19. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.302120
Meyer SJ, Hubbard KG, Wilhite DA (1993) A crop-specific drought index for corn: I. Model development and validation. J Agron 85:388–395. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500020040x
Ministry of Energy (2019) Energy statistics and charts of Iran and the World ; Ministry of Energy: Tehran, Iran. https://www.moe.gov.ir
Moghaddasi M, Morid S, Araghinejad S (2009) Optimization of water allocation during water scarcity condition using non-linear programming, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization (case study). IR Water Resour Res 4:1–13
Mozaffri MM (2016) Determination of the appropriate policy programming to conservation of water resources in Qazvin plain. J Soil Water Resour Conserv 5:29–46. https://wsrcj.srbiau.ac.ir/article_8642_9a66e1afbebf5792283167e6119edcfd.pdf
Nouri M, Homaee M, Bannayan M (2018) Spatiotemporal reference evapotranspiration changes in humid and semi-arid regions of Iran: past trends and future projections. Theor Appl Climatol 133:361–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2176-8
Parhizkari A, Sabuhi M, Ahmadpour M, Badi BH (2014) Simulation of farmers’response to irrigation water pricing and rationing policies (case study: Zabol city) Iranian J Agric Econ Devel:164–176 doi:https://doi.org/10.22067/jead2.v1391i7.34728
Paris Q (2012) Economic foundations of symmetric programming. Cambridge University Press, pp 255–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761782.003
Paris Q, Howitt RE (1998) An analysis of ill-posed production problems using maximum entropy. Am J Agric Econ 80:124–138. https://doi.org/10.2307/3180275
Poff NL, Olden JD, Merritt DM, Pepin DM (2007) Homogenization of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:5732–5737. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609812104
Radmehr R, Ghorbani M, Kulshreshtha S (2020) Selecting strategic policy for irrigation water management (case study: Qazvin Plain, Iran). J Agric Sci Technol 22:579–593
Rahnam A, Kohansal MR, Dourandish A (2012) Estimating the economic value of water using positive mathematical programming in Quchan city. Iranian J Agric Econ 6:133–151
Rao NH, Sarma PBS, Chander S (1988) A simple dated water-production function for use in irrigated agriculture. Agric Water Manag 13:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(88)90130-8
Regional Water Company of Golestan (2018). www.gsrw.ir. Accessed 20 Sept 2019
Röhm O, Dabbert S (2003) Integrating agri-environmental programs into regional production models: an extension of positive mathematical programming. Am J Agric Econ 85:254–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8276.00117
Sabouhi M, Soltani Gr, Zibaei M, Torkamaani J (2007) Determination of suitable deficit irrigations strategies by maximizing social profit. Iranina J Agric Econ Dev 14:167–202
Sabouni MS (2015) The impact of Iranian subsidies targeted plan on agricultural sector (regional agricultural sector modeling). Econ Res 15:157–182
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
Shayannejad M (2011) Effect of deficit irrigation on quantitative properties of winter wheat and determination of its optimum applied water in Shahrekord Iranian. J Irrig Water Eng 1:24–36
Statistical Center of Iranb (2014). https://www.amar.org.ir/english. Accessed 18 Sept 2019
Varziri A, Vakilpour M, Mortazavi S (2016) the effects of economic pricing of irrigation water on cropping pattern in the Dehgolan Plain. J Agric Econ Res 8:81–100
Yuzbashkandi SS, Khalilian S (2020) On projecting climate change impacts on soybean yield in Iran: an econometric approach. Environ Process 7:73–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-019-00400-y
Zamani O, Grundmann P, Libra JA, Nikouei A (2019) Limiting and timing water supply for agricultural production—the case of the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. Iran Agric Water Manag 222:322–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.05.047
Funding
No funding was received for this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mehrjo, A., Satari Yuzbashkandi, S. Deficit irrigation strategy impacts on economic, social, and environmental indicators: evidence from the lands covered by Qare-soo watershed in Iran. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 8, 32 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00626-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00626-z