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Exploring methods of measuring CO2 degassing in headwater streams

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Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO2) degassed from ungauged, headwater streams has a significant role in carbon cycling and climate change, making the precise measurement of the degassing of critical importance. Although methods exist for quantifying degassing rates in large bodies of water (seawater, lakes), these methods are often considered invalid for measuring degassing rates in small, turbulent, groundwater fed headwater streams. This manuscript reviews the physics of gas transfer across the stream-atmosphere interface and provides an in-depth critical review of the available methods of measuring CO2 degassing. Further, it discusses applications for some of these methods in small headwater streams and other low-order streams that are dominated by discharged groundwater. Of the methods reviewed, almost all produce fairly low precision and do not compare well with other methods tested in the same location. We suggest much more work is needed to improve the precision and accuracy of field-measured gas transfer coefficients, both by applying multiple methods in the field and by controlled laboratory experiments.

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Fig. 1

modified from Berner (1999). Boxes represent reservoirs and arrows represent directions of fluxes between reservoirs. b Inclusion of terrestrial water bodies in the short-term water cycle (modified from Berner 1999 and Rawitch 2015), showing CO2 gas flux directions (dashed arrows) and dissolved CO2 flux directions (solid arrows). Line weights crudely represent flux sizes

Fig. 2

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Acknowledgements

We extend our gratitude for assistance from Brock Norwood and Trevor Osorno. We thank Julie Tollefson and Lara Palmquist for their editorial contributions. Funding was provided by the University of Kansas (KU) Department of Geology, the Geology Associates Fund of the KU Endowment Association, the Geological Society of America, and the Konza NSF Long-Term Ecological Research program, grant DEB-1440484. We thank the reviewers who made many suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript.

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Rawitch, M., Macpherson, G.L. & Brookfield, A. Exploring methods of measuring CO2 degassing in headwater streams. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 5, 1765–1779 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-019-00332-3

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