Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrocoagulation (EC) technology for wastewater treatment and pollutants removal

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sustainable Water Resources Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

During the last few years, environmental sector has shown a largely growing interest in the treatment of different types of wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC). It has recently attracted attention as a potential technique for treating industrial effluent due to its versatility, treatment efficiency, low cost, and environmental compatibility. This technique uses direct current source between metal electrodes immersed in the effluent, which causes the dissolution of electrode plates into the effluent. The metal ions, at an appropriate pH, can form wide range of coagulated species and metal hydroxides that destabilize and aggregate particles or precipitate and adsorb the dissolved contaminants. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to review the mechanism, factors responsible, and application of the EC technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater and removal of pollutants from surface and potable waters. Study found that performance and treatment efficiency of EC depend on various factors, i.e., choice of electrode materials, electrode distance, arrangement of electrode, operating current density, electrolysis time, pH of the solution, temperature, and the design of reactor. It is also evident from the study that recently, EC technology has been successfully employed for the treatment and removing pollutants from municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, i.e., textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper, food processing industry, and oily wastewater. This technology also used for the heavy metal and inorganic ions removal and potable and surface water treatment. In addition, this paper presents an overview of the optimum process conditions, i.e., current densities, treatment time, pH and removal efficiencies, its advantages, challenges, and future prospects of EC technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Gawad SA, Baraka AM, Omran KA, Mokhtar MM (2012) Removal of some pesticides from the simulated waste water by electrocoagulation method using iron electrodes. Int J Electrochem Sci 7:6654–6665

    Google Scholar 

  • Abuzaid NS, Bukhari AA, Hamouz ZM (2002) Ground water coagulation using soluble stainless steel electrodes. Adv Environ Res 6(3):325–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adhoum N, Monser L, Bellakhal N, Belgaied JE (2004) Treatment of electroplating wastewater containing Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cr(VI) by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 112(3):207–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adyel TM, Rahman SH, Zaman MM, Sayem HM, Khan M, Gafur MA, Islam SMN (2013) Reuse feasibility of electrocoagulated metal hydroxide sludge of textile industry in the manufacturing of building blocks. J Waste Manag. Article ID 686981. doi:10.1155/2013/686981

  • Aji BA, Yavuz Y, Koparal AS (2012) Electrocoagulation of heavy metals containing model wastewater using monopolar iron electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 86(7):248–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akbal F, Camc S (2011) Copper, chromium and nickel removal from metal plating wastewater by electrocoagulation. Desalination 269:214–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akyol A (2012) Treatment of paint manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation. Desalination 285:91–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aleboyeh A, Daneshvar N, Kasiri MB (2008) Optimization of C.I. Acid Red 14 azo dye removal by electrocoagulation batch process with response surface methodology. Chem Eng Process 47(5):827–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali I, Khan TA, Asim M (2011) Removal of arsenic from water by electrocoagulation and electrodialysis techniques. Sep Purif Rev 40(1):25–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shannag M, Lafi W, Bani-Melhem K, Gharagheer F, Dhaimat O (2012) Reduction of COD and TSS from paper industries wastewater using electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation. Sep Sci Technol 47(5):700–708. doi:10.1080/01496395.2011.634474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shannag M, Bani-Melhem K, Al-Anber Z, Al-Qodah Z (2013) Enhancement of COD nutrients removals and filterability of secondary clarifier municipal wastewater influent using electrocoagulation technique. Sep Sci Technol 48:673–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shannag M, Al-Qodah Z, Alananbeh K, Bouqellah N, Assirey E, Bani-Melhem K (2014) COD reduction of baker’s yeast wastewater using batch electrocoagulation. Environ Eng Manag J 13(12):3153–3160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shannag A, Al-Qodah Z, Bani-Melhem K, Qtaishat MR, Alkasrawi M (2015) Heavy metal ions removal from metal plating wastewater using electrocoagulation: Kinetic study and process performance. Chem Eng J 260:749–756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alzadeh M, Ghahramani E, Sadeghi S (2015) Removal of reactive Green 19 dye from synthetic wastewater using electrocoagulation and aluminum electrodes. J Adv Environ Health Res 3(1):42–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoudj S, Khelifa A, Drouiche N, Hecini M, Hamitouche H (2010) Electrocoagulation process applied to wastewater containing dyes from textile industry. Chem Eng Process 49(11):1176–1182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asselin M, Drogui P, Brar SK, Benmoussa H, Blais J (2008a) Organics removal in oily bilgewater by electrocoagulation process. J Hazard Mater 151:446–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asselin M, Drogui P, Benmoussa H, Blais J (2008b) Effectiveness of electrocoagulation process in removing organic compounds from slaughter house wastewater using monopolar and bipolar electrolytic cells. Chemosphere 72(11):1727–1733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Augustin MB, Waya SP, Phutdhawong W (2008) Electrocoagulation of palm oil mill effluent. Int J Environ Res Public Health 5:177–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avsar Y, Kurt U, Gonullu T (2007) Comparison of classical chemical and electrochemical processes for treating rose processing wastewater. J Hazard Mater 148(1–2):340–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babu RR, Bhadrinarayana NS, Meera KM, Begum S, Anantharaman N (2007) Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation. J Univ Chem Technol Metall 42(2):201–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Bani-Melhem K, Smith E (2012) Grey water treatment by a continuous process of an electrocoagulation unit and a submerged membrane bioreactor system. Chem Eng J 198–199(1):201–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrera-Diaz C, Roa-Morales G, Avila-Cordoba L, Pavon-Silva T, Bilyeu B (2006) Electrochemical treatment applied to food-processing industrial wastewater. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(1):34–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayar S, Yildiz YS, Yilmaz AE, Irdemez S (2011) The effect of stirring speed and current density on removal efficiency of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater by electrocoagulation method. Desalination 280(1–3):103–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayramoglu M, Kobya M, Can OT, Sozbir M (2004) Operating cost analysis of electrocoagulation of textile dye wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 37(2):117–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayramoglu M, Eyvaz M, Kobya M (2007) Treatment of the textile wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chem Eng J 128:155–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bazrafshan E, Mahvi AH, Naseri S, Mesdaghinia AR (2008) Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation process for removal of chromium (VI) from synthetic chromium solutions using iron and aluminum electrodes. Turk J Eng Environ Sci 32:59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Behbahani M, Alavi Moghaddam MR, Arami M (2011a) A comparison between aluminum and iron electrodes on removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation process. Int J Environ Res 5(2):403–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Behbahani M, Alavi Moghaddam MR, Arami M (2011b) Techno-economical evaluation of fluoride removal by electrocoagulation process: optimization through response surface methodology. Desalination 271(1–3):209–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejankiwar RS (2002) Electrochemical treatment of cigarette industry wastewater: feasibility study. Water Res 36(17):4386–4390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belkacem M, Khodir M, Abdelkrim S (2008) Treatment characteristics of textile wastewater and removal of heavy metals using the electroflotation technique. Desalination 228:245–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell J, Plumb JJ, Buckley CA, Stuckey DC (2000) Treatment and decolorization of dyes in an anaerobic baffled reactor. J Environ Eng ASCE 126:1026–1032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bing-Fang S (2008) Study on electrocoagulation to treat laboratory wastewater. J Water Resour Eng 6:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolto B, Dixon D, Eldridge R, King S, Linge K (2002) Removal of natural organic matter by ion exchange. Water Res 36:5057–5065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla CF (1947) Possibilities of the electronic coagulator for water treatment, Water Sewage, 85: 21, 22, 44, 45

  • Bukhari AA (2008) Investigation of the electro-coagulation treatment process for the removal of total suspended solids and turbidity from municipal wastewater. Bioresour Technol 99:914–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Can OT, Bayramoglu M, Kobya M (2003) Decolourization of reactive dye solutions by electrocoagulation using aluminium electrodes. Ind Eng Chem Res 42:3391–3396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Can OT, Kobya M, Demirbas E, Bayramoglu M (2006) Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation. Chemosphere 62(2):181–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chafi M, Gourich B, Essadki AH, Vial C, Fabregat A (2011) Comparison of electrocoagulation using iron and aluminium electrodes with chemical coagulation for the removal of a highly soluble acid dye. Desalination 281:285–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi SI (2013) Electrocoagulation: a novel wastewater treatment method. Int J Modern Eng Res 3(1):93–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatzisymeon E, Dimou A, Mantzavinos D, Katsaounis A (2009) Electrochemical oxidation of model compounds and olive mill wastewater over DSA electrodes: 1. The case of Ti/IrO2 anode. J Hazard Mater 167:268–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavalparit O, Ongwandee M (2009) Optimizing electrocoagulation process for the treatment of biodiesel wastewater using response surface methodology. J Environ Sci 21(11):1491–1496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen GH (2004) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 38(1):11–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Deng H (2012) Removal of humic acids from water by hybrid titanium-based electrocoagulation with ultrafiltration membrane processes. Desalination 300:51–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Chen G, Yue PL (2000) Separation of pollutants from restaurant wastewater by electrocoagulation. Sep Purific Technol 19(1–2):65–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JP, Chang SY, Hung Y (2005) Physicochemical treatment process. Handb Environ Eng 3:359–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Shi H, Lu J (2007) Electrochemical treatment of ammonia in wastewater by RuO2–IrO2–TiO2/Ti electrodes. J Appl Electrochem 37(10):1137–1144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Chen X, Yue PL (2008) Electrocoagulation and electroflotation of restaurant wastewater. J Environ Eng 126:858–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra AK, Sharma AK, Kumar V (2011) Overview of electrolytic treatment: an alternative technology for purification of wastewater. Arch Appl Sci Res 3(5):191–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou WL, Wang CT, Chang WC, Chang SY (2010) Adsorption treatment of oxide chemical mechanical polishing wastewater from a semiconductor manufacturing plant by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 180(1–3):217–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Combatt MPM, Mendonça RCS, Valente GFS, Silva CM (2017) Validation of the electrocoagulation process and evaluation of the electro-dissolution of electrodes in the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Quim Nova. doi:10.21577/0100-4042.20170008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comninellis C, Chen G (2010) Electrochemistry for the environment. Springer, New York, pp 245–265

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Coskun T, Ilhan F, Demir NM, Debik E, Kurt U (2012) Optimization of energy costs in the pretreatment of olive mill wastewaters by electrocoagulation. Environ Technol 33(2):801–807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daneshvar N, Sorkhabi HA, Kasiri MB (2004) Decolorization of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a comparative investigation of different electrode connections. J Hazard Mater B112(1–2):55–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daneshvar N, Oladegaragoze A, Djafarzadeh N (2006) Decolorization of basic dye solutions by electrocoagulation: an investigation of the effect of operational parameters. J Hazard Mater B 129(1–3):116–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daneshvar N, Khataee AR, Ghadim AR, Rasoulifard MH (2007) Decolorization of C.I. Acid Yellow 23 solution by electrocoagulation process: Investigation of operational parameters and evaluation of specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC). J Hazard Mater 148(3):566–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demirel B, Yenigun O, Onay TT (2005) Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewaters: a review. Process Biochem 40(8):2583–2595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Den W, Huang CP, Ke HC (2006) Mechanistic study on the continuous flow electrocoagulation of silica nanoparticles from polishing wastewater. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:3644–3651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dermentzis Christoforidis A, Valsamidou E, Lazaridou A, Kokkinos N (2011a) Removal of hexavalent chromium from electroplating wastewater by electrocoagulation with iron electrodes. Glob NEST J 13(4):412–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermentzis K, Christoforidis A, Valsamidou E (2011b) Removal of nickel, copper, zinc and chromium from synthetic and industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation. Int J Environ Sci 1(5):697–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieterich A (1906): Electric water purifier. US Patent 823671

  • Dimoglo A, Akbulut HY, Ciha F, Karpuzcu M (2004) Petrochemical wastewater treatment by means of clean electrochemical technologies. Clean Technol Environ Policy 6(4):288–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drouiche N, Ghaffour N, Lounici H, Mameri M (2007) Electrocoagulation of chemical mechanical polishing wastewater. Desalination 214(1–3):31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drouiche N, Aoudj S, Lounici H, Drouiche M, Ouslimane T, Ghaffour N (2012) Fluoride removal from pretreated photovoltaic wastewater by electrocoagulation: an investigation of the effect of operational parameters. Proced Eng 33:385–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durango-Usugaa P, Guzman-Duque F, Mosteo R, Vazquez MV, Penuela G, Torres-Palma RA (2010) Experimental design approach applied to the elimination of crystal violet in water by electrocoagulation with Fe or Al electrodes. J Hazard Mater 179(1–3):120–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Ashtoukhy EZ, Amin NK (2010) Removal of acid green dye 50 from wastewater by anodic oxidation and electrocoagulation-a comparative study. J Hazard Mater 179(1–3):113–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elmore FE (1905) A process for separating certain constituents of subdivided ores and like substances, and apparatus therefore. Br. Patent 13,578

  • El-Naas MH, Al-Zuhair S, Al-Lobaney A, Makhlouf S (2009) Assessment of electrocoagulation for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. J Environ Manage 91:180–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emamjomeh MM, Sivakumar M (2009) Review of pollutants removed by electrocoagulation and electrocoagulation/flotation processes. J Environ Manag 90:1663–1679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emamjomeh MM, Sivakumar M, Varyani AS (2011) Analysis and the understanding of fluoride removal mechanisms by an electrocoagulation/flotation (ECF) process. Desalination 275(1–3):102–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espinoza-Quiñones FR, Fornari MMT, Módenes AN, Palácio SM, daSilva Jr FG, Szymanski N, Kroumov AD, Trigueros DEG (2009) Pollutant removal from tannery effluent by electrocoagulation. Chem Eng J 151:59–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esplugas S, Gimenez J, Contreras S, Pascual E, Rodriguez MM (2002) Comparison of different advanced oxidation processes for phenol degradation. Water Res 36:1034–1042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farhadi S, Aminzadeh B, Torabian A, Khatibikamal V, Fard MA (2012) Comparison of COD removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation, photoelectrocoagulation, peroxi-electrocoagulation and peroxi photo electrocoagulation processes. J Hazard Mater 219–220:35–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes A, Morao A, Magrinho M, Lopes A, Goncalves I (2004) Electrochemical degradation of C. I. Acid Orange 7. Dyes Pigm 61(3):287–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao S, Yang J, Tian J, Ma F, Tu G, Du M (2010) Electrocoagulation-flotation process for algae removal. J Hazard Mater 177(1–3):336–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gengec E, Kobya M, Demirbas E, Akyol A, Oktor K (2012) Optimization of baker’s yeast wastewater using response surface methodology by electrocoagulation. Desalination 286:200–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghernaout D, Badis A, Kellil A, Ghernaout B (2008) Application of electrocoagulation in E. Coli culture and two surface waters. Desalination 219(1–3):118–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghernaout D, Ghernaout B, Saiba A, Boucherit A, Kellil A (2009) Removal of humic acids by continuous electromagnetic treatment followed by electrocoagulation in batch using aluminium electrodes. Desalination 239(1–3):295–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh D, Medhi CR, Purkait MK (2008a) Treatment of fluoride containing drinking water by electrocoagulation using monopolar and bipolar electrode connections. Chemosphere 73:1393–1400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh D, Solanki H, Purkait MK (2008b) Removal of Fe(II) from tap water by electrocoagulation technique. J Hazard Mater 155(1–2):135–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golder AK, Hridaya N, Samanta AN, Ray S (2005) Electrocoagulation of methylene blue and eosin yellowish using mild steel electrodes. J Hazard Mater 127(1–3):134–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golder AK, Samanta AN, Ray S (2007a) Removal of Cr3+ by electrocoagulation with multiple electrodes: bipolar and monopolar configurations. J Hazard Mater 141:653–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golder AK, Samantn AN, Ray S (2007b) Removal of trivalent chromium by electrocoagulation. Sep Purif Technol 53(1):33–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golder AK, Chanda AK, Samanta AN, Ray S (2007c) Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution: electrocoagulation vs chemical coagulation. Sep Sci Technol 42(10):2177–2193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golder AK, Samanta AN, Ray S (2007d) Trivalent chromium removal by electrocoagulation and characterization of the process sludge. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82(5):496–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes JAG, Daida P, Kesmez M, Weir M, Moreno H, Parga JR, Irwin G, McWhinney H, Grady T, Peterson E, Cocke DL (2007) Arsenic removal by electrocoagulation using combined AleFe electrode system and characterization of products. J Hazard Mater B 139(2):220–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulnaz O, Saygideger S, Kusvuran E (2005) Study of Cu(II) biosorption by dried activated sludge: effect of physico-chemical environment and kinetics study. J Hazard Mater 120:193–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guohua C (2004) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 38(1):11–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanafi F, Assobhei O, Mountadar M (2010) Detoxification and discoloration of Moroccan olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 174(1–3):807–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanafy M, Nabih HI (2007) Treatment of oily waste water using dissolved air flotation technique. Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util Environ Effects 29(2):143–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanay O, Hasar H (2011) Effect of anions on removing Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes. J Hazard Mater 189:572–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen HK, Nunez P, Jil C (2008) Removal of arsenic from wastewaters by airlift electrocoagulation. Part 1: batch reactor experiments. Sep Sci Technol 43:212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henriques DM, Kummerer K, Mayer FM, Vasconcelos TG, Martins AF (2012) Nonylphenol polyethoxylate in hospital wastewater: a study of the subproducts of electrocoagulation. J Environ Sci Health A 47(3):497–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt PK, Barton GW, Mitchell C (1999) Electrocoagulation as a wastewater treatment. The 3rd annual Australian environment engineering research event, 23–26 Nov., Castlemaine, Victoria

  • Holt PK, Barton GW, Mitchell CA (2004) Deciphering the science behind electrocoagulation to remove suspended clay particles from water. Water Sci Technol 50(12):177–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez JG, Takimoto M, Vasquez RC (1995) Laboratory experiments on electrochemical remediation of the environment: electrocoagulation of oily wastewater. J Chem Educ 72(11):1050–1051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez J, Singh MM, Szafran Z (1998) Laboratory experiments on electrochemical remediation of the environment. Part 4: color removal of simulated wastewater by electrocoagulation–electroflotation. J Chem Educat 75(8):1040–1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim DS, Sakthipriya N, Balasubramanian N (2012) Electro-coagulation treatment of oily wastewater with sludge analysis. Water Sci Technol 66(12):2533–2538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illhan F, Kurt U, Apaydin O, Gonullu MT (2008) Treatment of leachate by electrocoagulation using aluminum and iron electrodes. Environ Eng Sci 154:381–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam MS (2014) Metropoliton government: an option for sustainable development of Dhaka Mega city. Environ Urban Asia 5(1):35–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam SMD, Azam G (2015) Seasonal variation of physicochemical and toxic properties in three major rivers; Shitalakhya, Buriganga and Turag around Dhaka city, Bangladesh. J Bio Environ Sci 7(3):120–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam SMD, Huda E (2016) Water pollution by industrial effluent and phytoplankton diversity of Shitalakhya River, Bangladesh. J Sci Res 8(2):191–198. doi:10.3329/jsr.v8i2.26402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam SMN, Rahman SH, Rahman MM, Adyel TM, Yesmin RA, Ahmed MS, Kaiser N (2011) Excessive turbidity removal from textile effluents using electrocoagulation technique. J Sci Res 3(3):557–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam SMD, Bhuiyan MAH, Rume T, Mohinuzzaman M (2016) Assessing heavy metal contamination in the bottom sediments of Shitalakhya river, Bangladesh; using pollution evaluation indices and geo-spatial analysis. Pollution 2(3):299–312. doi:10.7508/pj.2016.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janpoor F, Torabian A, Khatibikamal V (2011) Treatment of laundry waste-water by electrocoagulation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 86(8):1113–1120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang JQ, Graham N, Andre C, Kelsall GH, Brandon N (2002) Laboratory study of electro-coagulation-flotation for water treatment. Water Res 36(16):4046–4078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabdasli I, Arslan T, Olmez-Hanci T, Arslan-Alaton I, Tunay O (2009a) Complexing agent and heavy metal removals from metal plating effluent by electrocoagulation with stainless steel electrodes. J Hazard Mater 165(1–3):838–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabdasli I, Keles A, Olmez-Hanci T, Tunay O, Arslan-Alaton I (2009b) Treatment of phthalic acid esters by electrocoagulation with stainless steel electrodes using dimethyl phthalate as a model compound. J Hazard Mater 171(1–3):932–940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaliniichuk EM, Vasilenko II, Shchepanyuk VY, Sukhoverkhova NA, Makarov IA (1976) Treating refinery wastewaters to remove emulsified oils by electrocoagulation and electroflotation. Int Chem Eng 16(3):434–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan N, Karthikeyan G, Tamilselvan N (2006) Comparison of treatment potential of electrocoagulation of distillery effluent with and without activated Areca catechu nut carbon. J Hazard Mater 137(3):1803–1809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kara S (2012) Treatment of transport container washing wastewater by electrocoagulation. Environ Prog Sust Energy 32(2):249–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashefialasl M, Khosravi M, Marandi R, Seyyedi K (2006) Treatment of dye solution containing colored index Acid Yellow 36 by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2(4):365–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Katal R, Pahlavanzadeh H (2011) Influence of different combinations of al and Fe electrode on electrocoagulation efficiency: application to the treatment of paper mill wastewater. Desalination 265(1–3):199–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keshmirizadeh E, Yousefi S, Rofouek MK (2011) An investigation on the new operational parameter effective in Cr(VI) removal efficiency: a study on electrocoagulation by alternating pulse current. J Hazar Mater 190(1–3):119–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2012) Electrochemical treatment of distillery spent wash using aluminum and iron electrodes. Chin J Chem Eng 20(3):439–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2013a) Electrochemical treatment of effluent from small scale dyeing unit. Indian Chem Eng 55(2):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2013b) Electrochemical treatment of effluent from small scale dyeing unit. Indian Chem Eng 55(2):112–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2013c) Electrochemical treatment of textile effluent containing Acid Red 131 dye. J Hazard Toxic Radio Waste 18:38–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khansorthong S, Hunsom M (2009) Remediation of wastewater from pulp and paper mill industry by the electrochemical technique. Chem Eng J 151:228–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilic MG, Hosten CA (2010) Comparative study of electrocoagulation and coagulation of aqueous suspensions of kaolinite powders. J Hazard Mater 176(1–3):735–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirzhner F, Zimmels Y, Shraiber Y (2008) Combined treatment of highly contaminated winery wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 63:38–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Delipinar S (2008) Treatment of the baker’s yeast wastewater by electrocoagulation. J Hazard 154(1–3):1133–1140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Demirbas E, Can OT (2006a) Treatment of levafix orange textile dye solution by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 132(2–3):183–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Hiz H, Senturk E, Aydiner C, Demirbas E (2006b) Treatment of potato chips manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation. Desalination 190:201–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Ciftci C, Bayramoglu M, Sensoy MT (2008) Study on the treatment of waste metal cutting fluids using electrocoagulation. Sep Purific Technol 60(3):285–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Demirbas E, Sozbir M (2010) Decolorisation of aqueous reactive dye Remazol Red 3B by electrocoagulation. Color Technol 126(5):282–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Demirbas E, Bayramoglu M, Sensoy MT (2011a) Optimization of electrocoagulation process for the treatment of metal cutting wastewaters with response surface methodology. Water Air Soil Pollut 215:399–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobya M, Ulu F, Gebologlu U, Demirbas E, Oncel MS (2011b) Treatment of potable water containing low concentration of arsenic with electrocoagulation: different connection modes and FeeAl electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 77(3):283–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kongjao S, Damronglerd S, Hunsom M (2008) Simultaneous removal of organic and inorganic pollutants in tannery wastewater using electrocoagulation technique. Korean J Chem Eng 25:703–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koparal AS, Ogutveren UB (2004) Removal of nitrate from water by electroreduction and electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 89:83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korbahti BK, Tanyolac A (2008) Electrochemical treatment of simulated textile wastewater with industrial components and Levafix Blue CA reactive dye: optimization through response surface methodology. J Hazard Mater 151(2–3):422–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna BM, Murthy UN, Kumar BM, Lokesh KS (2010) Electrochemical pretreatment of distillery wastewater using aluminum electrode. J Appl Electrochem 40:663–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Ponselvan FIA, Malviya JR, Srivastava VC, Mall ID (2009) Treatment of bio-digester effluent by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes. J Hazard Mater 165:345–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt U, Gonullu MT, Ilhan F, Varinca K (2008) Treatment of domestic wastewater by electrocoagulation in a cell with FeeFe electrodes. Environ Eng Sci 25(2):153–163. doi:10.1089/ees.2006.0132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacasa E, Canizares P, Saez C, Fernandez FJ, Rodrigo MA (2011) Removal of arsenic by iron and aluminium electrochemically assisted coagulation. Sep Purif Technol 79(1):15–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lafi WK, Al-Anber M, Al-Anber ZA, Al-shannag M, Khalil A (2010) Coagulation and advanced oxidation processes in the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW). Desalin Water Treat 24:251–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Feng Q, Meng Q and Ceng Y (2008) Electrocoagulation for the drinking water treatment of polluted surface water supplies. 2nd International conference on bioinformatics and biomedical engineering, iCBBE 2008, Shanghai, May 2008, pp 3091–3094

  • Li X, Song J, Guo J, Wang Z, Feng Q (2011) Landfill leachate treatment using electrocoagulation. Proced Environ Sci 10:1159–1164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin SH, Chen ML (1997) Treatment of textile wastewater by chemical methods for reuse. Water Res 31(4):868–876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin SH, Juang RS (2002) Removal of free and chelated Cu(II) ions from water by a nondispersive solvent extraction process. Water Res 36:3611–3619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin SH, Shyu CT, Sun MC (1998) Saline wastewater treatment by electrochemical method. Water Res 32(4):1059–1066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linares-Hernandez I, Barrera-Diaz C, Pablo C, Rojas J, Roa-Morales GR, Urena F (2009) Industrial wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation direct anodic oxidation system. ECS Trans 20:301–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Zhao X, Qu J (2010) Electrocoagulation in water treatment. In: Comninellis C, Chen G (eds) Electrochemistry for the environment. Springer, New York, pp 245–262

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Maghanga JK, Segor FK, Et L (2009) Electrocoagulation method for colour removal in tea effluent: a case study of chemomi tea factory in rift valley, Kenya. Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia 23(3):371–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan R, Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2013) Treatment of hospital operation theatre effluent by electrocoagulation. Int J Chem Environ Eng 4(2):104–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahesh S, Prasad B, Mall ID, Mishra IM (2006) Electrochemical degradation of pulp and paper mill wastewater, part 1. COD and color removal. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:2830–2839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoodi NM, Arami M, Limaee NY, Tabrizi NS (2005) Decolorization and aromatic ring degradation kinetics of direct red 80 by UV oxidation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide utilizing TiO2 as photocatalyst. Chem Eng 1(3):191–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahvi AH, Mansoorian HJ, Rajabizadeh A (2009) Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation process for removal of sulphate from aqueous environments using plate aluminum electrodes. World Appl Sci J 7:1526–1533

    Google Scholar 

  • Malakootian M, Yousefi N (2009) The efficiency of electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes in removal of hardness from water. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 6(2):131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Malakootian M, Yousefi N, Fatehizadeh A (2011) Survey efficiency of electrocoagulation on nitrate removal from aqueous Solution. Int J Environ Sci Technol 8(1):107–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez GVF, Torres JRP, Garcia JLV, Munive GCT, Zamarripa GG (2012) Kinetic aspects of gold and silver recovery in cementation with zinc power and electrocoagulation iron process. Adv Chem Eng Sci 2(3):342–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matteson MJ, Dobson RL, Glenn RW, Kukunoor NS, Waits WH, Clayfield EJ (1995) Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous suspensions of ultrafine particles. Colloids Surface 4(1):101–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merzouk B, Madani K, Sekki A (2010) Using electrocoagulation-electroflotation technology to treat synthetic solution and textile wastewater, two case studies. Desalination 250:573–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merzouk B, Gourich B, Madani K, Vial C, Sekki A (2011) Removal of a disperse red dye from synthetic wastewater by chemical coagulation and continuous electrocoagulation: a comparative study. Desalination 272(1–3):246–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mickley M (2009) Treatment of concentrate, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center May

  • Mills D (2000) A new process for electrocoagulation. AWWA J 92(6):34–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Módenes AN, Espinoza-Quiñones FR, Borba FH, Manenti DR (2012) Performance evaluation of an integrated photo-Fenton—electrocoagulation process applied to pollutant removal from tannery effluent in batch system. Chem Eng J 197:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moghadam AM, Amiri H (2010) Investigation of TOC removal from industrial wastewaters using electrocoagulation process. Iran J Health Environ 3:185–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Mólgora CC, Domínguez AM, Avila EM, Drogui P, Buelna G (2013) Removal of arsenic from drinking water: a comparative study between electrocoagulation-microfiltration and chemical coagulation-microfiltration processes. Sep Purific Technol 118:645–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mollah MAY, Schennach R, Parga JR, Cocke DL (2001) Electrocoagulation (EC)-science and applications. J Hazard Mater 84:29–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mollah MYA, PaulM Jewel AGG, Kesmez M, Parga J, David LC (2004a) Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 114(1–3):199–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mollah MYA, Pathak PK, Vayuvegula Patil M, Agrawal TS, Gomes JAG, Kesmez M, Cocke DL (2004b) Treatment of orange II azo-dye by electrocoagulation (EC) technique in a continuous flow cell using sacrificial iron electrodes. J Hazard Mater 109:165–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mollah MYA, Gomes JAG, Das KK, Cocke DL (2010) Electrochemical treatment of Orange II dye solution d use of aluminum sacrificial electrodes and floc characterization. J Hazard Mater 174(1–3):851–858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mook WT, Ajeel MA, Aroua MK, Szlachta M (2016) The application of iron mesh double layer as anode for the electrochemical treatment of Reactive Black 5 dye. J Environ Sci. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2016.02.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Casillas HA, Cocke DL, Gomes JAG, Morkovsky P, Parga JR, Peterson E (2007) Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal. Sep Purif Technol 56:204–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouedhen G, Feki M, Wery MDP, Ayedi HF (2008) Behavior of aluminum electrodes in electrocoagulation process. J Hazard Mater 150:124–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi G, Khosravi R, Farzadkia M (2011a) Removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated groundwater using an electrocoagulation process: batch and continuous experiments. Desalination 278(1–3):288–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi G, Majidi F, Farzadkia M (2011b) The influence of operational parameters on elimination of cyanide from wastewater using the electrocoagulation process. Desalination 280(1–3):127–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy ZVP, Parmar S (2011) Removal of strontium by electrocoagulation using stainless steel and aluminum electrodes. Desalination 282:63–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy ZVP, Nancy C, Kant A (2007) Separation of pollutants from restaurant wastewater by electrocoagulation. Sep Sci Technol 42(4):819–833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murugananthan M, Raju GB, Prabhakar S (2004) Separation of pollutants from tannery effluents by electro flotation. Sep Purif Technol 40(1):69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthukumar K, Sundaram PS, Anantharaman N, Basha CA (2004) Treatment of textile wastewater by using an electrochemical bipolar disc stack reactor. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 79(10):1135–1141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naohide T, Yukio M, Masataka Y, Shin-Ichi W, Sahori T, Zyun S, Kunishige H, Hiroyasu T (1998) Application of solid polymer electrolyte for treatment of water coloured by dyestuffs, treatment of orange II. J Jpn Soc Water Environ 21:47–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan NV, Ganesam M (2009) Use of adsorption using granular activated carbon (GAC) for the enhancement of removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 161:575–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasrullah M, Singh L, Wahida ZA (2012) Treatment of sewage by electrocoagulation and the effect of high current density. Energy Environ Eng J 1:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Njikia PN, Tchamangoa SR, Ngom PC, Darchenb A, Ngamen E (2009) Mercury (II) removal from water by electrocoagulation using aluminium and iron electrodes. J Hazard Mater 168:1430–1436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nouri JL, Mahvi AH, Bazrafshan E (2010) Application of electrocoagulation process in removal of zinc, chromium and copper from aqueous solutions by aluminum electrodes. Int J Environ Res 4(2):201–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Orkun MO, Kuleyin A (2012) Treatment performance evaluation of chemical oxygen demand from landfill leachate by electro-coagulation and electrofenton technique. Environ Prog Sust Energy 31(1):59–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouaissa YA, Chabani M, Amrane A, Bensmaili A (2012) Integration of electro coagulation and adsorption for the treatment of tannery wastewater e the case of an Algerian factory. Proced Eng 33(1):98–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pajootan E, Arami M, Mahmoodi NM (2012) Binary system dye removal by electrocoagulation from synthetic and real colored wastewaters. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43(2):282–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pala A, Tokat E (2002) Color removal from cotton textile industry wastewater in an activated sludge system with various additives. Water Res 36:2920–2925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panizza M, Bocca C, Cerisola G (2000) Electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing polyaromatic organic pollutants. Water Res 34(2000):2601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsa JB, Vahidian HR, Soleymani AR, Abbasi M (2011) Removal of Acid Brown 14 in aqueous media by electrocoagulation: optimization parameters and minimizing of energy consumption. Desalination 278(1–3):295–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel UD, Ruparelia JP, Patel MU (2011) Electrocoagulation treatment of simulated floor-wash containing Reactive Black 5 using iron sacrificial anode. J Hazard Mater 197:128–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perng YS, Wang EIC, Yu ST, Chang AY, Shih CY (2007) Pilot treatment of OCC-based paper mill wastewater, using pulsed electrocoagulation. Water Qual Res J Can 42(1):63–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petsriprasit C, Namboonmee J, Hunsom M (2010) Application of the electrocoagulation technique for treating heavy metals containing wastewater from the pickling process of a billet plant. Korean J Chem Eng 27:854–861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phalakornkule C, Polgumhang S, Tongdaung W (2009) Performance of an electrocoagulation process in treating direct dye: batch and continuous up flow processes. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 57:277–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Phalakornkule C, Polgumhang S, Tongdaung W, Karakat B, Nuyut T (2010) Electrocoagulation of blue reactive, red disperse and mixed dyes, and application in treating textile effluent. J Environ Manage 91(4):918–926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phutdhawong W, Chowwanapoonpohn S, Buddhasukh D (2000) Electrocoagulation and subsequent recovery of phenolic compounds. Anal Sci 16:1083–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pociecha M, Lestan D (2010) Using electrocoagulation for metal and chelant separation from washing solution after EDTA leaching of Pb, Zn and Cd contaminated soil. J Hazard Mater 174(1–3):670–678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pouet MF, Grasmick A (1995) Urban wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation and flotation. Water Sci Technol 31:275–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi-yan F, Li XD, Cheng YJ, Meng L, Meng QJ (2007) Removal of humic acid from groundwater by electrocoagulation. J China Univ Min Technol 17(4):513–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman SH, Islam SMN, Kaiser N, Rahman MM (2012) Electrocoagulation for reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of surface water. Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 47(1):77–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar D, Song BJ, Kim JG (2007) Electrochemical degradation of Reactive Blue 19 in chloride medium for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater with identification of intermediate compounds. Dyes Pigm 72(1):1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raju GB, Karuppiah MT, Latha SS, Parvathy S, Prabhakar S (2008) Treatment of wastewater from synthetic textile industry by electrocoagulation–electrooxidation. Chem Eng J 144(51):58

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayman S, White RE (2009) Simulation of reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(II) produced electrochemically in a parallel plate electrochemical reactor. J Electrochem Soc 156:96–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roa-Morales G, Campos-Medina E, Aguilera-Cotero J, Bilyeu B, Barrera-Díaz C (2007) Aluminum electrocoagulation with peroxide applied to wastewater from pasta and cookie processing. Sep Purific Technol 54(1):124–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P, Buitrón C, Saez C (2010) Electrochemical technologies for the regeneration of urban wastewaters. Electrochim Acta 55:8160–8164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez J, Stopić S, Krause G, Friedrich B (2007) Feasibility assessment of electrocoagulation towards a new sustainable wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14(7):477–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubí-Juárez H, Barrera-Díaz C, Linares-Hernández I, Fall C, Bilyeu B (2015) A combined electrocoagulation electrooxidation process for carwash wastewater reclamation. Int J Electrochem Sci 10:6754–6767

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu O, Mazumdar B, Chaudhari PK (2014) Treatment of wastewater by electrocoagulation: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:2397–2413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem M, Bukhari AA, Akram MN (2011) Electrocoagulation for the treatment of wastewater for reuse in irrigation and plantation. J Basic Appl Sci 7(1):11–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasson MB, Calmano W, Adin A (2009) Iron-oxidation processes in an electro-flocculation (electrocoagulation) cell. J Hazard Mater 171:704–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayiner G, Kandemirli F, Dimoglo A (2008) Evaluation of boron removal by electrocoagulation using iron and aluminum electrodes. Desalination 230(1–3):205–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secula MS, Cretescu I, Petrescu S (2011) An experimental study of indigo carmine removal from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation. Desalination 277(1–3):227–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sengil IA, Ozacar M (2009) The decolorization of C.I. Reactive Black 5 in aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using sacrificial iron electrodes. J Hazard Mater 161(2–3):1369–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şengil IA, Özacar M (2006) Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electrocoagulation using mild steel electrodes. J Hazard Mater 137(2):1197–1205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sengil IA, Kulaç S, Ozacar M (2009) Treatment of tannery liming drum wastewater. J Hazard Mater 167:940–946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şevki YY (2008) Optimization of Bomaplex Red CR-L dye removal from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes. J Hazard Mater 153(1–2):194–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafaei A, Rezayee M, Arami M, Nikazar M (2010) Removal of Mn2+ ions from synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation process. Desalination 260:23–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafaei A, Pajootan E, Nikazar M, Arami M (2011) Removal of Co(II) from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes. Desalination 279:121–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma AK, Chopra AK (2017) Removal of nitrate and sulphate from biologically treated municipal wastewater by electrocoagulation. Appl Water Sci 7:1239–1246. doi:10.1007/s13201-015-0320-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen H, Wang YT (1994) Biological reduction of chromium by E. coli. J Environ Eng ASCE 120:560–571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen F, Gao P, Chen X, Chen G (2003) Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater. Chem Eng Sci 58:987–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siles JA, Gutiérrez MC, Martín MA, Martín A (2011) Physicalechemical and biomethanization treatments of wastewater from biodiesel manufacturing. Biores Technol 102(10):6348–6351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smalley RE (2004) Our energy challenge. http://smalley.rice.edu/Presentations/columbia09232003.ppt. visited on March 18, 2004 at 3:45 p.m. Central Time

  • Song S, He Z, Qiu J, Xu L, Chen J (2007) Ozone assisted electrocoagulation for decolorization of C.I. Reactive Black 5 in aqueous solution: an investigation of the effect of operational parameters. Sep Purif Technol 55(2):238–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song S, Yao J, He Z, Qiu J, Che J (2008) Effect of operational parameters on the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 in aqueous solution by ozone enhanced electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 152(1):204–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sridhar R, Sivakumar V, Immanuel VP, Maran JP (2011) Treatment of pulp and paper industry bleaching effluent by electrocoagulant process. J Hazard Mater 186(2–3):1495–1502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava J, Singh N (2007) Effective removal of microorganisms and biostimulants of wastewater by the application of various electrolytes. Clean 35(2):151–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrazas E, Vázquez A, Briones R, Lázaro I, Rodríguez I (2010) EC treatment for reuse of tissue paper wastewater: aspects that affect energy consumption. J Hazard Mater 181(1–3):809–816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tezcan Un U, Koparal AS, Bakir Ogutveren U (2009a) Hybrid processes for the treatment of cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater using aluminum and iron electrodes. J Hazard Mater 164:580–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tezcan Un U, Koparal AS, Bakir Ogutveren U (2009b) Electrocoagulation of vegetable oil refinery wastewater using aluminum electrodes. J Environ Manag 90:428–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur C, Srivastava VC, Mall ID (2009) Electrochemical treatment of a distillery wastewater: parametric and residue disposal study. Chem Eng J 148(2–3):496–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thella K, Verma B, Srivastava VC, Srivastava KK (2008) Electrocoagulation study for the removal of arsenic and chromium from aqueous solution. J Environ Sci Health A 43:554–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tir M, Mostefa NM (2008) Removal from oily wastewater by electrocoagulation using response surface method. J Hazard Mater 158(1):107–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Top S, Sekman E, Hosver S, Bilgili MS (2011) Characterization and electrocaogulative treatment of nanofiltration concentrate of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant. Desalination 268(1–3):158–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tran N, Drogui P, Blais JF, Mercier G (2012) Phosphorus removal from spiked municipal wastewater using either electrochemical coagulation or chemical coagulation as tertiary treatment. Sep Purif Technol 95:16–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uduman N, Bourniquel V, Hoadley A (2011) A parametric study of electrocoagulation as a recovery process of marine microalgae for bio-diesel production. Chem Eng J 174(1):249–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ugurlu M, Gurses A, Dogar C, Yalcin M (2008) The removal of lignin and phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation. J Environ Manag 87(3):420–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Un UT, Koparal AS, Ogutveren UB (2009) Electrocoagulation of vegetable oil refinery wastewater using aluminum electrodes. J Environ Manag 90(1):428–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valero D, Ortiz JM, Garcia V, Exposito E, Montiel V, Aldaz A (2011) Electrocoagulation of wastewater from almond industry. Chemosphere 84(9):1290–1295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasudevan S, Jayaraj J, Lakshmi J, Sozhan G (2009) Removal of iron from drinking water by electrocoagulation: adsorption and kinetics studies. Korean J Chem Eng 26(4):1058–1064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasudevan S, Lakshmi J, Sozhan G (2010) Studies on the removal of arsenate by electrochemical coagulation using aluminum alloy anode. Clean Soil Air Water 38:506–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasudevan S, Lakshmi J, Sozhan G (2011) Effects of alternating and direct current in electrocoagulation process on the removal of cadmium from water. J Hazard Mater 192(1):26–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasudevan S, Lakshmi J, Sozhan G (2013) Electrochemically assisted coagulation for the removal of boron from water using zinc anode. Desalination 310:122–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vepsäläinen M, Ghiasvand M, Selin J, Pienimma J, Repo E, Pulliainen M, Sillanpää M (2009) Investigations of the effects of temperature and initial sample pH on natural organic matter (NOM) removal with electrocoagulation using response surface method (RSM). Sep Purific Technol 69(3):255–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma SK, Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2013) Removal of chromium from electroplating industry effluent using electrocoagulation. J Hazard Toxic Radio Waste 17(2):146–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal J, Villegas L, Peralta-Hernández JM, González RS (2016) Removal of Acid Black 194 dye from water by electrocoagulation with aluminum anode. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 51(4):289–296. doi:10.1080/10934529.2015.1109385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vik EA, Carlson DA, Eikum AS, Gjessing ET (1984) Electrocoagulation of potable water. Water Res 18(11):1355–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Chou W (2009) Performance of COD removal from oxide chemical mechanical polishing wastewater using iron electrocoagulation. J Environ Sci Health 44:1289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Chou WL, Kuo YM (2009a) Removal of COD from laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation/electroflotation. J Hazard Mater 164(1):81–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Chou W, Chen L, Chang S (2009b) Silica particles settling characteristics and removal performances of oxide chemical mechanical polishing wastewater treated by electrocoagulation technology. J Hazard Mater 161:344–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Jiang JQ, Xu R, Li F (2012) Treatment of landscape water (LSW) by electrocoagulation process. Desalin Water Treat 37(1–3):62–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub MH, Golovoy RL, Dzieciuch MA (1983) Development of electrolytic treatment of oily wastewater. Enviro Prog 2(1):32–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO, Unicef (2000) Global water supply and sanitation assessment 2000 report. World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu LJ, Sheldon BW, Larick DK, Carawan RE (2002) Recovery and utilization of useful by-products from egg processing wastewater by electrocoagutry. Science 81(6):785–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Jiang JQ, Quill K, Simon J, Shettle K (2009) Electrocoagulation: a new approach for the removal of boron containing wastes. Desalin Water Treat 2:131–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahiaoui O, Aizel L, Lounici H, Drouiche N, Goosen MFA, Pauss A, Mameri M (2011) Evaluatinf removal of metribuzin pesticide from contaminated groundwater using an electrochemical reactor combined with ultra-violet oxidation. Desalination 270(1–3):84–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Liu L, Jin Q (2008) Study on treatment of municipal domestic sewage by electrocoagulation and electroflotation. J Xi’an Univ Architect Technol 3:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Yavuz Y, Ocal E, Koparal AS, Ogutveren UB (2011) Treatment of dairy industry wastewater by EC and EF processes using hybrid FeeAl plate electrodes. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 86(7):964–969

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yetil-mezsoy K, Ilhan F, Sapci-Zengin Z, Sakar S, Gonullu MT (2009) Decolorization and COD reduction of UASB pretreated poultry manure wastewater by electrocoagulation process: a post-treatment study. J Hazard Mater 162:120–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz YS (2008) Optimization of Bomaplex Red CR-L dye removal from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes. J Hazard Mater 153(1–2):194–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz AE, Boncukcuoglu R, Kocakerim MM, Yilmaz MT, Paluluoglu C (2008) Boron removal from geothermal waters by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 153:146–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuksel E, Eyvaz M, Gurbulak E (2013) Electrochemical treatment of colour index reactive orange 84 and textile wastewater by using stainless steel and iron electrodes. Environ Prog Sust Energy 32(1):60–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaied M, Bellakhal N (2009) Electrocoagulation treatment of black liquor from paper industry. J Hazard Mater 163(2–3):995–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaroual Z, Azzi M, Saib N, Chainet E (2006) Contribution to the study of electrocoagulation mechanism in basic textile effluent. J Hazard Mater B131(1–3):73–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng T, Wang J, Wang Q, Meng H, Wang L (2017) Research trends in electrochemical technology for water and wastewater treatment. Appl Water Sci 7:13–30. doi:10.1007/s13201-015-0280-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu B, Clifford DA, Chellam S (2005) Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation pretreatment for enhanced virus removal using microfiltration membranes. Water Res 39(13):3098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zongo I, Maiga AH, Wéthe J, Valentin G, Leclerc J, Paternotte G, Lapicque F (2009) Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile wastewaters with Al or Fe electrodes: compared variations of COD levels, turbidity and absorbance. J Hazard Mater 169:70–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author extends great gratitude to the anonymous reviewers who help for the current shape of the paper by their constructive and insightful comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh

    S. M. Didar-Ul Islam

Authors
  1. S. M. Didar-Ul Islam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. M. Didar-Ul Islam.

Additional information

This article is part of the special issue on Sustainable Resource Management: Water Practice Issues.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Islam, S.M.DU. Electrocoagulation (EC) technology for wastewater treatment and pollutants removal. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 5, 359–380 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0152-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0152-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation