Skip to main content

Physical and Psychosocial Impacts of Parental Incarceration on Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Differentiating Age of Exposure

Adolescent Research Review (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

The externalizing and internalizing behavioral impacts of parental incarceration on their children has been widely examined. However, understanding the breadth and depth of possible negative impacts on children at different developmental stages, and whether protective factors can be identified to offset such impacts, has been limited. This review systematically reviewed 57 articles and extended the developmental outcome to six key impact themes, with some articles identifying more themes than others: behavioral (n = 34), mental health (n = 26), social relationships (n = 17), academic performance (n = 17), substance use (n = 10), and short-term and long-term physical health (n = 6). To provide a global review, this study examined research across nations from Western to Eastern countries, consisting of 126,690 children and adolescents with incarcerated parents against 577,445 peers with no parents of such histories. Most children and adolescents exposed to parental incarceration are vulnerable to mental health impacts including anxiety, behavioral issues and school performance. The earlier the exposure to parental incarceration, the greater the risk of marijuana use, sexually transmitted infection and multiple partnerships in adolescence. These challenges often continue into emerging adulthood. This review found that the well-being of parents, positive family relationships and successful co-parenting can offset some adverse impacts. Future research lines and implications for preventive support to such children, adolescents and families are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

References

  • Aaron, L., & Dallaire, D. H. (2010). Parental incarceration and multiple risk experiences: Effects on family dynamics and children’s delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1471–1484.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawlence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, L. H. (2016). How children’s educational outcomes and criminality vary by duration and frequency of paternal incarceration. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 149–170.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Antle, K., Gibson, C. L., & Krohn, M. D. (2019). The mediating role of family dynamics in the relationship between paternal incarceration and child behavior problems. Journal of Crime and Justice, 43(1), 16–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arditti, J. A. (2012). Child trauma within the context of parental incarceration: A family process perspective. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 4(3), 181–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakken, B. (2011). China, a punitive society? Asian Journal of Criminology, 6(1), 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besemer, K. L., van de Weijer, S. G., & Dennison, S. M. (2018). Risk marker or risk mechanism? The effect of family, household, and parental imprisonment on children and adults’ social support and mental health. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(8), 1154–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besemer, S., Van der Geest, V., Murray, J., Bijleveld, C. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). The relationship between parental imprisonment and offspring offending in England and the Netherlands. The British Journal of Criminology, 51(2), 413–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behere, A. P., Basnet, P., & Campbell, P. (2017). Effects of family structure on mental health of children: A preliminary study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 39(4), 457.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betz, G., & Thorngren, J. M. (2006). Ambiguous loss and the family grieving process. The Family Journal, 14(4), 359–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boch, S. J., Warren, B. J., & Ford, J. L. (2019). Attention, externalizing, and internalizing problems of youth exposed to parental incarceration. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(6), 466–475.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boddie, S. C., & Funk, C. (2012). Religion in prisons: A 50-state survey of prison chaplains. Research Center Forum on Religion and Public Life.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, 350–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, J., & Carson, E. A. (2019). Prisoners in 2017. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bzostek, S. H., McLanahan, S. S., & Carlson, M. J. (2012). Mothers’ repartnering after a nonmarital birth. Social Forces, 90(3), 817–841.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M. J. (2006). Family structure, father involvement, and adolescent behavioral outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), 137–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, P., Muentner, L., & Kjellstrand, J. (2019). Parenting and incarceration: Perspectives on father-child involvement during reentry from prison. Social Service Review, 93(2), 218–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Children of Prisoners Europe. (2014). Children of imprisoned parents: European perspectives on good practice. Retrieved from https://childrenofprisoners.eu/children-of-imprisoned-parents-european-perspectives-on-good-practice/.

  • Cho, R. M. (2009a). Impact of maternal imprisonment on children’s probability of grade retention. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1), 11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, R. M. (2009b). The impact of maternal imprisonment on children’s educational achievement results from children in Chicago public schools. Journal of Human Resources, 44(3), 772–797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, R. M. (2010). Maternal incarceration and children’s adolescent outcomes: Timing and dosage. Social Service Review, 84(2), 257–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. B., Cornelius, J. R., Kirisci, L., & Tarter, R. E. (2005). Childhood risk categories for adolescent substance involvement: A general liability typology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77(1), 13–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corriveau, K. H., Harris, P. L., Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Arnott, B., Elliott, L., Liddle, B., Hearn, A., Vittorini, L., & De Rosnay, M. (2009). Young children’s trust in their mother’s claims: Longitudinal links with attachment security in infancy. Child Development, 80(3), 750–761.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallaire, D. H., Zeman, J. L., & Thrash, T. M. (2015). Children’s experiences of maternal incarceration-specific risks: Predictions to psychological maladaptation. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 109–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannerbeck, A. M. (2005). Differences in parenting attributes, experiences, and behaviors of delinquent youth with and without a parental history of incarceration. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 3(3), 199–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L., & Shlafer, R. J. (2017a). Mental health of adolescents with currently and formerly incarcerated parents. Journal of Adolescence, 54, 120–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L., & Shlafer, R. J. (2017b). Substance use among youth with currently and formerly incarcerated parents. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 87(1), 43–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erozkan, A. (2016). The link between types of attachment and childhood trauma. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(5), 1071–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaston, S. (2016). The long-term effects of parental incarceration: Does parental incarceration in childhood or adolescence predict depressive symptoms in adulthood? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(8), 1056–1075.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geller, A., Garfinkel, I., Cooper, C. E., & Mincy, R. B. (2009). Parental incarceration and child well-being: Implications for urban families. Social Science Quarterly, 90(5), 1186–1202.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guidry, K., Simpson, C., Test, T., & Bloomfield, C. (2013). Ambiguous loss and its effects on children: Implications and interventions for school counselors. Journal of School Counseling, 11(15), n15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskins, A. R. (2014). Unintended consequences: Effects of paternal incarceration on child school readiness and later special education placement. Sociological Science, 1, 141.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haskins, A. R. (2017). Paternal incarceration and children’s schooling contexts: Intersecting inequalities of educational opportunity. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 674(1), 134–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, D. M., Halpenny, A. M., & Greene, S. (2003). Change and continuity after parental separation: Children’s experiences of family transitions in Ireland. Childhood, 10(2), 163–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, Q. N., Pluye, P., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., & Vedel, I. (2018). Mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT), version 2018. Registration of Copyright (#1148552), Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry Canada.

  • Jaffe, P. G., Crooks, C. V., & Wolfe, D. A. (2003). Legal and policy responses to children exposed to domestic violence: The need to evaluate intended and unintended consequences. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 205–213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joy, S. (2013). Grief, loss, and treatment for death row families: Forgotten no more. Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerley, K. R., Matthews, T. L., & Blanchard, T. C. (2005). Religiosity, religious participation, and negative prison behaviors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(4), 443–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. R., Scheidell, J. D., Rosen, D. L., Geller, A., & Brotman, L. M. (2018). Early age at childhood parental incarceration and STI/HIV-related drug use and sex risk across the young adult lifecourse in the US: Heightened vulnerability of black and Hispanic youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 183, 231–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, A. (2020, January 5). Law enforcement adopts measures to protect children of prisoners. The Korea Herald. Retrieved from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200105000166.

  • Kinner, S. A., Alati, R., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2007). Do paternal arrest and imprisonment lead to child behavior problems and substance use? A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(11), 1148–1156.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellstrand, J. M., & Eddy, J. M. (2011). Mediators of the effect of parental incarceration on adolescent externalizing behaviors. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(5), 551–565. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20451

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellstrand, J. M., Reinke, W. M., & Eddy, J. M. (2018a). Children of incarcerated parents: Development of externalizing behaviors across adolescence. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 628–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellstrand, J., Yu, G., & Eddy, J. M. (2019). Parental incarceration as a predictor of developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors across adolescence. Children and Youth Services Review, 103, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellstrand, J., Yu, G., Eddy, J. M., & Clark, M. (2020). Children with incarcerated parents and developmental trajectories of internalizing problems across adolescence. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(1), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-019-09494-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kjellstrand, J., Yu, G., Eddy, J. M., & Martinez, C. R. (2018b). Children of incarcerated parents: Developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior across adolescence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(11), 1742–1761. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818785400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopak, A. M., & Smith-Ruiz, D. (2016). Criminal justice involvement, drug use, and depression among African American children of incarcerated parents. Race and Justice, 6(2), 89–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laird, R. D., Marks, L. D., & Marrero, M. D. (2011). Religiosity, self-control, and antisocial behavior: Religiosity as a promotive and protective factor. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence-Wills, S. (2004). Incarcerated mothers reports of their daughters’ antisocial behavior, maternal supervision and mother–daughter relationship. Journal of Family Social Work, 8(3), 55–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le, G. T., Deardorff, J., Lahiff, M., & Harley, K. G. (2019). Intergenerational associations between parental incarceration and children’s sexual risk taking in young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(3), 398–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. D., Fang, X., & Luo, F. (2013). The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults. Pediatrics, 131(4), e1188–e1195.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McGee, Z., Davis, B. L., Saunders-Goldson, S., Fletcher, M., & Fisher, L. (2017). The impact of maternal incarceration on emotional and behavioral outcomes: Research findings from a National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. SOJ Nursing & Health Care, 3(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKay, T., Feinberg, R., Landwehr, J., Payne, J., Comfort, M., Lindquist, C. H., Kennedy, E. K., & Bir, A. (2018). “Always having hope”: Father–child relationships after re-entry from prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 57(2), 162–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, B. A., Johnson, W. E., Jr., Cryer-Coupet, Q. R., & Mincy, R. B. (2019). Examining the longitudinal effects of paternal incarceration and coparenting relationships on sons’ educational outcomes: A mediation analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 362–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. (2018). Contribution of family relationships to the social–emotional functioning of children of incarcerated fathers. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 12(1), 60–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H. V., & Barnes, J. C. (2015). The association between parental incarceration and health, education, and economic outcomes in young adulthood. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(4), 765–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muftić, L. R., Bouffard, L. A., & Armstrong, G. S. (2016). Impact of maternal incarceration on the criminal justice involvement of adult offspring: A research note. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53(1), 93–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muftić, L. R., & Smith, M. (2018). Sex, parental incarceration, and violence perpetration among a sample of young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(2), 316–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life-course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(12), 1269–1278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology, 20(1), 273–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., Janson, C. G., & Farrington, D. P. (2007). Crime in adult offspring of prisoners: A cross-national comparison of two longitudinal samples. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(1), 133–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., & Murray, L. (2010). Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology. Attachment and Human Development, 12(4), 289–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, E. B., Loper, A. B., & Meyer, J. P. (2016). Promoting educational resiliency in youth with incarcerated parents: The impact of parental incarceration, school characteristics, and connectedness on school outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(6), 1090–1109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nylander, P. Å., Källström, Å., & Hellfeldt, K. (2018). After a childhood with a parent in prison–relationships and well-being as a child and young adult. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 14(1), 34–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, T. P., & Pallone, N. J. (2002). Religion, the community, and the rehabilitation of criminal offenders. Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philbrick, K. (2002). Imprisonment: The impact on children. Issues in Forensic Psychology, 3, 72–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poehlmann, J. (2005). Representations of attachment relationships in children of incarcerated mothers. Child Development, 76(3), 679–696.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poehlmann, J., Shlafer, R. J., Maes, E., & Hanneman, A. (2008). Factors associated with young children’s opportunities for maintaining family relationships during maternal incarceration. Family Relations, 57(3), 267–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L. C., & King, R. D. (2015). Absent fathers or absent variables? A new look at paternal incarceration and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(3), 414–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roettger, M. E., & Swisher, R. R. (2011). Associations of fathers’ history of incarceration with sons’ delinquency and arrest among Black, White, and Hispanic males in The United States*. Criminology, 49(4), 1109–1147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00253.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roettger, M. E., Swisher, R. R., Kuhl, D. C., & Chavez, J. (2011). Paternal incarceration and trajectories of marijuana and other illegal drug use from adolescence into young adulthood: Evidence from longitudinal panels of males and females in the United States. Addiction, 106(1), 121–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhland, E. L., Davis, L., Atella, J., & Shlafer, R. J. (2020). Externalizing behavior among youth with a current or formerly incarcerated parent. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(1), 3–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sevenants, K. (2014, November 19). Children of China’s prisoners are being punished by society, too. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1643723/children-chinas-prisoners-are-being-punished-society-too.

  • Shaw, M. (2019). The reproduction of social disadvantage through educational demobilization: A critical analysis of parental incarceration. Critical Criminology, 27(2), 275–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, R. (2011). Parents as prisoners: A study of parent–child relationships in the Children’s Court of Victoria. Journal of Social Work, 11(4), 358–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shlafer, R. J., & Poehlmann, J. (2010). Attachment and caregiving relationships in families affected by parental incarceration. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 395–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shlafer, R. J., Poehlmann, J., & Donelan-McCall, N. (2012). Maternal jail time, conviction, and arrest as predictors of children’s 15-year antisocial outcomes in the context of a nurse home visiting program. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(1), 38–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, H., Woo, Y., Lee, H. D., & Cochran, J. K. (2018). The dynamics of intra-family relationships during incarceration and the implications for children of incarcerated parents. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(12), 3775–3796.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swisher, R. R., & Roettger, M. E. (2012). Father’s incarceration and youth delinquency and depression: Examining differences by race and ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(4), 597–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00810.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, B. L., & Pettit, B. (2014). Mass incarceration, family complexity, and the reproduction of childhood disadvantage. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 654(1), 127–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasca, M., Turanovic, J. J., White, C., & Rodriguez, N. (2014). Prisoners’ assessments of mental health problems among their children. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(2), 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12469602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Campbell Collaboration. (2019). Campbell systematic reviews: Policies and guidelines: Campbell Policies and Guidelines Series No. 1. https://doi.org/10.4073/cpg.2016.1

  • Turney, K. (2011). Labored love: Examining the link between maternal depression and parenting behaviors. Social Science Research, 40(1), 399–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K. (2014). Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 55(3), 302–319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences among children of incarcerated parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 218–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K., & Haskins, A. R. (2014). Falling behind? Children’s early grade retention after paternal incarceration. Sociology of Education, 87(4), 241–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2013). Redefining relationships: Explaining the countervailing consequences of paternal incarceration for parenting. American Sociological Review, 78(6), 949–979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Peng, Y. L., Sun, X. J., & Zhang, G. Y. (2011). Social support and mental health of the prisoners’ left-behind children. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 25(2), 146–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington, H. M. (2018). Paternal incarceration and children’s social–emotional functioning at age nine: Why fathers’ violence matters. Sociological Focus, 51(4), 318–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, M., Rose, M. S., & Sheldon-Keller, A. (1994). Assessment of patterns of insecure attachment in adults and application to dependent and schizoid personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8(3), 249–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C. (2010). Paternal incarceration and children’s physically aggressive behaviors: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C., Schnittker, J., & Turney, K. (2012). Despair by association? The mental health of mothers with children by recently incarcerated fathers. American Sociological Review, 77(2), 216–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildeman, C., & Wakefield, S. (2014). The long arm of the law: The concentration of incarceration in families in the era of mass incarceration. The Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, 17, 367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Will, J. L., Whalen, M. L., & Loper, A. B. (2014). From one generation to the next: Childhood experiences of antisocial behavior and parental incarceration among adult inmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 53(3), 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2014.887606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Withers, L., & Folsom, J. (2007). Incarcerated fathers: A descriptive analysis. Retrieved from https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/r186-eng.shtml

  • Woodard, T., & Copp, J. E. (2016). Maternal incarceration and children’s delinquent involvement: The role of sibling relationships. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 340–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yau, T. C. Y., & Chung, H. Y. (2014). Children with an imprisoned parent: Children’s and caregivers’ narratives. China Journal of Social Work, 7(1), 92–112.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust for funding the project and the research team at the University for completing this study. We also thank the reviewers for helpful comments on clarifying the presentation of study.

Funding

This study was funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust (# 2019-0050-003).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Room 534, 5/F, The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

    Martha Sin Ki Luk, Christy Hui, Sandra Kit Man Tsang, Yat Lui Fung & Celia Hoi Yan Chan

Authors
  1. Martha Sin Ki Luk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christy Hui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sandra Kit Man Tsang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yat Lui Fung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Celia Hoi Yan Chan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ML conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination of the study and interpretation of the data, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript; CH conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination of the study and interpretation of the data, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript; ST participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript; YF participated in the design of the study and helped to draft manuscript; CC participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Celia Hoi Yan Chan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors report no conflict of interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 44 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Luk, M.S.K., Hui, C., Tsang, S.K.M. et al. Physical and Psychosocial Impacts of Parental Incarceration on Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Differentiating Age of Exposure. Adolescent Res Rev (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00182-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00182-9

Keywords

  • Parental incarceration
  • Child outcome
  • Physical health
  • Behavioral outcome
  • Mental health