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Coupled Flow-Deformation Analysis of MSE Wall Reinforced with Hybrid Geogrids

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Abstract

Locally available marginal soil has been widely used as backfills due to the non-availability of granular soil. The performance of MSE walls at the end of construction with marginal lateritic soil as backfill was studied by conducting numerical model studies. Two types of reinforcements, viz., conventional geogrids and hybrid geogrids, were used in the present study. Recent evidences of adverse impacts of climate change necessitate the need for adaptation of MSE walls to changing climate, especially when backfilled with marginal soils. A coupled flow-deformation analysis was conducted on MSE walls with geogrids (GW) and hybrid geogrids (HGW) as reinforcements. Considering the lack of the experimental data which quantify the hydraulic and mechanical response of marginal lateritic backfills during rainfall-induced wetting, a physical model test was also conducted and presented herein. Results show that the backfill suction in GW was lost at the end of 4 days of continuous heavy rainfall, but it was maintained in case of HGW even at the end of 10 days of rainfall infiltration. Rainfall infiltration increased the facing deformation and surface settlement by 37% and 97%, respectively, in the case of MSE wall reinforced with the conventional geogrids (GW). However, hybrid geogrids (HGW) delayed the progression of wetting front and have prevented the backfill to undergo deformation. In GW, reinforcement strain has reached a maximum of 2.1% at the end of 10 days of rainfall, whereas it was observed to be only 0.8% in case of HGW. Increment in reinforcement tensile load due to rainwater infiltration is 63% lower for HGW when compared with GW. Overall, the performance of MSE walls with marginal backfills was improved using hybrid geogrids due to the dissipation of excess pore water pressure.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

\({T}_{\mathrm{max}}\) :

Unfactored tensile load (kN/m)

\({S}_{\mathrm{v}}\) :

Tributary vertical spacing of the reinforcement layer (m)

\({\upgamma }_{\mathrm{r}}\) :

Unit weight of reinforced soil (kN/m3)

\({D}_{\mathrm{tmax}}\) :

Load distribution factor

H eff :

Reference height (m)

H :

Wall height (m)

\({\upgamma }_{\mathrm{f}}\) :

Unit weight of surcharge (kN/m3)

\(S\) :

Average soil surcharge depth above the wall top (m)

\({K}_{\mathrm{avh}}\) :

Active earth pressure coefficient for a vertical wall defined using peak friction angle

\({\Phi }_{\mathrm{fb}}\) :

Facing batter factor

\({\Phi }_{\mathrm{g}}\) :

Global stiffness factor

\({\Phi }_{\mathrm{fs}}\) :

Facing stiffness factor

\({\Phi }_{\mathrm{local}}\) :

Local stiffness factor

\({\Phi }_{\mathrm{c}}\) :

Soil cohesion factor

τ :

Shear strength of unsaturated soil (kPa)

c′:

Effective cohesion (kPa)

\({\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}}\) :

Total normal stress (kPa)

\({u}_{\mathrm{a}}\) :

Pore air pressure (kPa)

\({\phi }{\prime}\) :

Effective angle of internal friction (degree)

\({u}_{\mathrm{w}}\) :

Pore water pressure (kPa)

\({\phi }^{\mathrm{b}}\) :

Angle indicating the rate of increase in shear strength relative to matric suction

\(\theta\) :

Soil water content (m3/m3)

\(\theta \mathrm{r}\) :

Soil residual water content (m3/m3)

θ s :

Saturated soil–water content (m3/m3)

h :

Soil suction (kPa)

α :

Scale parameter

n :

Shape parameter of soil–water characteristic curve

m :

Shape parameter of soil–water characteristic curve

k sat :

Saturated soil permeability

k r(θ):

Relative permeability

θ e :

Effective moisture content

ε ij :

Components of strain tensor

ν :

Poisson’s ratio

σ mean :

Elastic modulus for the soil structure (kPa)

E :

Mean total stress

δ i j :

Kronecker delta

ε v :

Volumetric strain

R :

Parameter relating the volumetric water content to a change in pore water pressure

ϕ:

Angle of internal friction (degree)

MSE:

Mechanically stabilized earth

FHWA:

Federal Highway Administration

NCMA:

National Concrete Masonry Association

AASHTO:

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

NRC:

National Research Council

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

MH:

Silt of high plasticity

SWCC:

Soil water retention curve

EoC:

End of construction

GW:

Geogrid reinforced wall

HGW:

Hybrid geogrid reinforced wall

GWT:

Ground water table

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Funding

The funding received from Ministry of Education, Government of India in carrying out this research is highly acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering (Primary), Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Engineering Center (ESSENCE) (Secondary), Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India

    K. A. Dhanya, S. Vibha & P. V. Divya

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  1. K. A. Dhanya
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by KAD and SV. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KAD and SV under the guidance of PVD. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to P. V. Divya.

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Dhanya, K.A., Vibha, S. & Divya, P.V. Coupled Flow-Deformation Analysis of MSE Wall Reinforced with Hybrid Geogrids. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 9, 45 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-023-00466-7

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