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Extracellular Vesicles: a Trojan Horse Delivery Method for Systemic Administration of Oncolytic Viruses

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Abstract

Purpose

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) exert a high level of antitumor potency without causing harm to normal cells. Current oncolytic virotherapy is mainly limited to the intratumoral injection of viral particles, while systemic administration provides the opportunity to treat metastatic neoplasia as well as the primary tumor. Despite promising outcomes in preclinical studies, systemic administration of oncolytic viruses has shown little success in patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by most mammalian cell types, both in pathologic and physiologic conditions and exert a wide range of biological functions in intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles are also involved in viral infection, and it has been shown that viruses affect the generation and content of these particles. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of EV involvement in viral infection and discuss their potential as vehicles for systemic delivery of OVs.

Methods

The relationships between oncolytic viruses and EVs were studied by searching specific phrases like “systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses by extracellular vesicles” PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

Results

Numerous articles have suggested the role of extracellular vesicles in the spread of viruses, and several evidence demonstrated that these particles efficiently deliver the oncolytic viruses to the target sites through systemic infusion.

Conclusion

Due to the role of extracellular vesicles in the spread of viruses, they can be used as a tool for systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses.

Lay Summary

It has been established that oncolytic viruses (OVs) have a high level of antitumor potency without causing harm to normal cells. Despite promising outcomes in preclinical studies, systemic administration of OV has exert little success in patients due to the rapid clearance of the viruses, as a result of host immune response. It has been established that EVs are involved in viral infection, and it has been shown that viruses affect the generation and content of EVs. This review will summarize the current knowledge of EV involvement in viral infection and discuss their potential as vehicles for systemic delivery of OVs.

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Data Availability 

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

OVs:

Oncolytic viruses

IV:

Intervascular

IT:

Intratumoral

EBV:

Epstein–Barr virus

NDV:

Newcastle disease virus

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, for planning this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Behnaz Taheri

  2. Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Zeinab Zarei-Behjani

  3. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

    Abouzar Babaei

  4. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Fatemeh Matin Moradkhan

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  1. Behnaz Taheri
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  2. Zeinab Zarei-Behjani
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  3. Abouzar Babaei
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  4. Fatemeh Matin Moradkhan
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BT suggested and described the idea. BT, ZZ-B, and AB wrote the different parts of the manuscript. ZZ-B drew the pictures, and F M.M edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Behnaz Taheri or Zeinab Zarei-Behjani.

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Taheri, B., Zarei-Behjani, Z., Babaei, A. et al. Extracellular Vesicles: a Trojan Horse Delivery Method for Systemic Administration of Oncolytic Viruses. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med. 9, 447–457 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-023-00295-0

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