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Yearly changes in virulence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates in Paraguay

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Abstract

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most notable soybean diseases in Paraguay because of the associated productivity losses and expenditures related to fungicide use. There is also concern regarding the environmental impact of excessive fungicide use. In addition, the decreased sensitivity of ASR pathogens to various fungicide groups has been reported in recent years. To effectively control ASR, it is necessary to combine fungicides with resistant varieties. To introduce ASR resistance genes (Rpp: Resistance to P. pachyrhizi) into Paraguayan soybean cultivars, the effectiveness of Rpp resistance genes must be determined, as a few are rendered ineffective due to virulence changes in the pathogen population. In this study, the effectiveness of 12 different soybean genotypes with different Rpp genes was evaluated using 18 P. pachyrhizi samples obtained in the 2016/17, 2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20 seasons and compared with the previous eight seasons from 2007 to 2015. Yearly changes in virulence were observed in a few differentials; however, these changes were not always from avirulent to virulent. Further, all differential varieties with a single resistance gene showed resistant phenotypes in less than 50 % of the samples in their least effective years. Considering these observations, the introduction of a single resistance gene poses a risk in breeding for ASR resistance. The differentials carrying a single gene, Rpp1-b or Rpp5, tended to show high frequencies, specifically 86.9–89.8 % resistance in the tested samples from 2007–2019, and that of the Rpp-pyramided line carrying Rpp2 + Rpp4 + Rpp5 was 97.0 %. Therefore, the introduction of two or more resistance genes, via combination with Rpp1-b and/or Rpp5, or the introduction of Rpp2 + Rpp4 + Rpp5 would be effective and durable for mitigating the Paraguayan ASR pathogen.

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Data availability

The data generated or analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) for providing the seeds of the differential varieties except for line No6-12-1. We would like to thank our technicians, Mr. Ramón Chaparro and Mr. Claudio Vigo, for their technical assistance.

Funding

This study was financially supported by JIRCAS and IPTA under the JIRCAS’ projects “Development of technologies for the control of migratory plant pests and transboundary diseases” and “Development of resilient crops and production technologies.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPTA), Capitán Miranda, Itapúa, 070501, Paraguay

    Ruth Scholz & Marta Alicia Fernández Gamarra

  2. Instituto de Biotecnología Agrícola (INBIO), Asunción, Central, 1204, Paraguay

    María José Vargas

  3. Present address: Proquimur, 90000, Juanicó, Canelones, Uruguay

    María José Vargas

  4. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan

    Naoki Yamanaka

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  1. Ruth Scholz
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  2. Marta Alicia Fernández Gamarra
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  3. María José Vargas
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  4. Naoki Yamanaka
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Contributions

All the authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. RS, MF, and MJV conducted the experiments. RS and NY analyzed the data and prepared the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Naoki Yamanaka.

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Scholz, R., Fernández Gamarra, M.A., Vargas, M.J. et al. Yearly changes in virulence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates in Paraguay. Trop. plant pathol. 49, 413–420 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00639-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-024-00639-3

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