Abstract
This study aimed to determine the sensitivity of 61 Botryotinia ricini isolates to the fungicides fluazinam and thiophanate-methyl. The isolates were originated from Goiás (n = 3), Maranhão (n = 3), Mato Grosso (n = 12), Minas Gerais (n = 1), Paraíba (n = 8), Rio Grande do Sul (n = 19) and São Paulo (n = 15) states. Mycelial discs (6 mm) removed from 5-day-old colonies were transferred to Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with different concentrations of the fungicides. Two perpendicular measurements of the radial growth were taken and used to calculate the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PMGI) for each treatment (isolate × fungicide × concentration) in relation to the control. PMGI were used to obtain the effective concentration that inhibits 50 and 95% of the mycelial growth (EC50 and EC95) by means of linear regression. For fluazinam, the EC50 and EC95 (mean ± SD) were 0.1738 ± 0.0802 μg/mL and 0.7938 ± 0.1254 μg/mL, while for thiophanate-methyl, the EC50 and EC95 were 0.3487 ± 0.0963 μg/mL and 1.1325 ± 0.2063 μg/mL, respectively. Both fungicides have high intrinsic toxicity to B. ricini but fluazinam was a more potent growth inhibitor compared to thiophanate-methyl.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Anjani K, Raof MA, Prasad MSL, Duraimurugan P, Lucose C, Yadav P, Prasad RD, Jawahar Lal J, Sarada C (2018) Trait-specific accessions in global castor (Ricinus communis L.) germplasm core set for utilization in castor improvement. Industrial Crops and Products 112:766–774
ATCC (2011) Preservation and recovery of filamentous fungi. Technical Bulletin N°2. 4 p. Available at: https://www.atcc.org/~/media/PDFs/Technical%20Bulletins/tb02.ashx
Brent KJ (1995) Fungicide resistance in crop pathogens: how can it be managed? Global Crop Protection Federation. FRAC, Monograph N° 1. Brussels
Chagas HA, Basseto MA, Rosa DD, Toppa EVB, Furtado EL, Zanotto MD (2014) Avaliação de fungicidas, óleos essenciais e agentes biológicos no controle de Amphobotrys ricini em mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.). Summa Phytopathologica 40:42–48
De Waard MA, Georgopoulos SG, Hollomon DW, Ishii H, Leroux P, Ragsdale NN, Schwinn FJ (1993) Chemical control of plant diseases: problems and prospects. Annual Review of Phytopathology 31:403–421
Grindle M (1981) Variations among field isolates of Botrytis cinerea in their sensitivity to antifungal compounds. Pesticide Science 12:305–312
Hahn M (2014) The rising threat of fungicide resistance in plant pathogenic fungi: Botrytis as a case study. Journal of Chemical Biology 7:133–141
Hilber UW, Schuepp H (1996) A reliable method for testing the sensitivity of Botryotinia fuckeliana to anilinopyrimidines in vitro. Pesticide Science 47:241–247
Le S, Josse J, Husson F (2008) FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. Journal of Statistical Software 25:1–18
Leroux P (2007) Chemical control of Botrytis and its resistance to chemical fungicides. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 195–222
Liang HJ, Li JL, Di YL, Zhang AS, Zhu FX (2015) Logarithmic transformation is essential for statistical analysis of fungicide EC50 values. Journal of Phytopathology 163:456–464
Liu S, Fu L, Hai F, Jiang J, Che Z, Tian Y, Chen G (2018) Sensitivity to boscalid in field isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from rapeseed in Henan Province, China. Journal of Phytopathology 166:227–232
Northover J, Matteoni JA (1986) Resistance of Botrytis cinerea to benomyl and iprodione in vineyards and greenhouses after exposure to the fungicides alone or mixed with Captan. Plant Disease 70:398–402
R Core Team (2016). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/
Severino LS, Auld DL, Baldanzi M, Cândido MJD, Chen G, Crosby W, He X, Lakshmamma P, Lavanya C, Machado OTL, Milani M, Mielke T, Miller TD, Morris JB, Navas AA, Soares DJ, Sofiatti V, Tan D, Wang ML, Zanotto MD, Zieler H (2012) A review on the challenges for increased production of castor. Agronomy Journal 104:853–880
Shao W, Ren W, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Duan Y, Wang JX, Zhou M, Chen C (2015) Baseline sensitivity of natural population and characterization of resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea to fluazinam. Australasian Plant Pathology 44:375–383
Soares DJ (2012) Gray mold of castor: a review. In: Cumagun CJR (ed) Plant pathology. InTech Publishing, Rijeka, pp 219–240
Wickham H (2009) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer, New York
Acknowledgements
The first author thanks CNPq for her fellowship grant. The senior author would like to thanks the CNPq (Proc. 472953/2009-5) and Petrobras (TC 0050.0064181.10.9) by research grants on castor diseases.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Section Editor: Sarah J. Pethybridge
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Oliveira Datovo, C., Soares, D.J. Sensitivity of field isolates of Botryotinia ricini to fluazinam and thiophanate-methyl. Trop. plant pathol. 44, 205–208 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-018-0241-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-018-0241-1