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Recurrence Plot-Assisted Detection of Focal/Non-focal EEG Signals Using Ensemble Deep Features

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Abstract

Purpose

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is usually considered to be a method to examine electrical activity in the brain during a medical consultation. EEGs help to diagnose various diseases, such as epilepsy. As EEG signals are nonlinear, they are difficult to use for diagnoses without processing. The purpose of this research is to propose a framework to detect focal and non-focal EEG signals.

Methods

To improve diagnostic accuracy, we performed signal-image transformation using a recurrence plot (RP). The process involved the following stages: (i) signal-to-image conversion, (ii) image resizing, (iii) deep feature extraction and ensemble feature generation, and (iv) binary classification and fivefold cross validation. The EEG detection work was performed using individual pretrained models, and the ensemble deep features (EDF) approach was then implemented to classify the EEG signal being considered.

Results

Using the VGG16 scheme, this methodology was tested and validated on the Bern-Barcelona EEG dataset, and the results confirmed that a detection accuracy of > 96% was achieved using the random forest (RF) classifier.

Conclusion

The proposed ensemble deep features method is superior for classifying EEG signals into focal/non-focal categories. We propose that this method be tested and validated in actual clinical settings.

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Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China

    Yan Sun

  2. Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China

    Chengfengyi Yang & Zixin Xu

  3. Department of Emergency, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, 214001, Jiangsu, China

    Ye Lu

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  1. Yan Sun
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  2. Chengfengyi Yang
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Correspondence to Yan Sun.

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Sun, Y., Yang, C., Xu, Z. et al. Recurrence Plot-Assisted Detection of Focal/Non-focal EEG Signals Using Ensemble Deep Features. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 43, 176–184 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40846-023-00785-0

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