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Validation of Data Imputation by Ensemble Averaging to Quantify 24-h Behavior Using Heart Rate of Stroke Rehabilitation Inpatients

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Abstract

Purpose

Recent advances in wearable technology have enabled us to visualize how stroke patients spend time and how they behave during physical activity over a period of 24-h. This capability is expected to provide new insights into rehabilitation research. However, wearable electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring devices generate noise and artifacts from external factors such as body movements, which causes misdetection of the R wave. To compensate for the loss of heart rate data due to misdetection, the present study focused on ensemble averaging as a method to impute missing data and validated this method of data imputation on 24-h recordings.

Methods

First, to investigate the measurement period for data imputation, we continuously measured heart rates of six healthy participants for four days and applied ensemble averaging to the first two, three and all four days of measurement data. Next, we validated the imputation by ensemble averaging with 218 measurement data from 63 stroke inpatients in a rehabilitation ward.

Results

For the healthy participants, the period with data losses decreased from 115 min (8.3% of the 24-h) to 5.5 min (0.4%), 0 min (0%), and 0 min (0%) when ensemble averaging was applied to two, three, and four days of measurement data, respectively. For data of stroke patients acquired in a two-day measurement session, ensemble averaging decreased the period with data losses more than the conventional method that selects data of the day with the least missing data among the measurement days did (0.17 and versus 1.7% of the 24-h). The median and maximum heart rate when ensemble averaging was applied was strongly correlated to the median and maximum heart rate when ensemble averaging was not applied.

Conclusions

The results suggest that ensemble averaging is useful for imputing missing vital data such as heart rate.

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Data Availability

The data set used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

The code used during the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr. Kenta Maruyama and Mr. Setsura Kato at NTT Basic Research Laboratories for their technical assistance in the data analysis, Mr. Junichi Kodate and Ms. Rieko Sato at NTT Device Innovation Center for their help in the system’s development, and the nurses and therapists at Fujita Health University Hospital for their support in the experiments.

Funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NTT Basic Research Laboratories and Bio-Medical Informatics Research Center, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan

    Takayuki Ogasawara, Hiroshi Nakashima, Masumi Yamaguchi & Shingo Tsukada

  2. NTT Device Innovation Center, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan

    Takayuki Ogasawara & Hiroyoshi Togo

  3. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine I, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Masahiko Mukaino, Yohei Otaka, Hirotaka Matsuura & Eiichi Saitoh

  4. Department of Rehabilitation, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Yasushi Aoshima & Takuya Suzuki

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  1. Takayuki Ogasawara
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Takayuki Ogasawara, Masahiko Mukaino. Methodology: Masahiko Mukaino, Yohei Otaka, Eiichi Saitoh. Formal analysis and investigation: Takayuki Ogasawara. Writing—original draft preparation: Takayuki Ogasawara, Masahiko Mukaino. Writing—review and editing: Yohei Otaka, Masumi Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Nakashima, Shingo Tsukada. Funding acquisition: Hiroyoshi Togo, Hiroshi Nakashima, Yohei Otaka; Resources: Hirotaka Masuura, Yasushi Aoshima, Takuya Suzuki. Supervision: Yohei Otaka, Hiroyoshi Togo, Shingo Tsukada, Eiichi Saitoh.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takayuki Ogasawara.

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Conflict of Interest

The research team was leased wearable clothing from Toray Industries and hardware devices from NTT Corporation, which are manufacturers of measurement tools. Takayuki Ogasawara, Hiroyoshi Togo, Hiroshi Nakashima, Masumi Yamaguchi and Shingo Tsukada are employees of NTT Corporation. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.

Ethical Approval

The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Fujita Health University (HM17-220).

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All participants provided written informed consent before participation.

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All participants provided written informed consent before participation.

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Ogasawara, T., Mukaino, M., Otaka, Y. et al. Validation of Data Imputation by Ensemble Averaging to Quantify 24-h Behavior Using Heart Rate of Stroke Rehabilitation Inpatients. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 41, 322–330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40846-021-00622-2

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