Abstract
High-resolution flexible electronic devices are widely used in the fields of soft robotics, smart human-machine interaction, and intelligent e-healthcare monitoring due to their mechanical flexibility, ductility, and compactness. The electrohydrodynamic jet printing (e-jet printing) technique is used for constructing high-resolution and cross-scale flexible electronic devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs), flexible sensors, and flexible displays. As a result, researchers are paying close attention to e-jet printing flexible electronic devices. In this review, we focused on the latest advancements in high-resolution flexible electronics made by e-jet printing technology, including various materials used in e-jet printing inks, the process control of e-jet printing, and their applications. First, we summarized various functional ink materials available for e-jet printing, including organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials. Then, the interface controlling the progress of e-jet printing was discussed in detail, including the physical and chemical properties of the functional ink, the interfacial wettability between the ink and substrate, and the micro-droplet injection behavior in a high-voltage field. Additionally, various applications of e-jet printing in the fields of flexible electrodes, FETs, flexible sensors, and flexible displays were demonstrated. Finally, the future problems and potential associated with the development of next generation e-jet printing technology for flexible electronic devices were also presented.
摘要
高分辨率柔性电子器件因其具有优异的本征柔性、 可延展性和微型化等优点, 被广泛地应用于软体机器人、 智能人机交互和人体健康监测等领域. 电流体动力喷射印刷(电喷印)技术作为一种变革性技术, 可以实现柔性场效应晶体管、 柔性传感器和柔性显示等柔性电子器件的高分辨率和跨尺度制造. 因此, 通过电喷印技术制备高分辨率柔性电子器件引起了国内外研究人员的广泛关注. 本综述重点介绍了电喷印技术在高分辨率柔性电子制造领域的最新研究进展, 其中包括制备电喷印油墨的各种功能材料、 在电喷印刷过程中的界面调控及其应用. 首先, 我们总结了用于电喷印技术的各种功能性墨水材料, 包括有机材料、 无机材料和杂化材料等. 然后, 详细介绍了影响电喷印过程中界面调控的主要因素, 如功能墨水的物理和化学性质、 墨水与基底之间的界面润湿性以及高压场中的微滴喷射行为等. 此外, 还总结了电喷印技术在柔性电极、 柔性场效应晶体管、 柔性传感器和柔性显示等领域的应用前景. 最后, 讨论了电喷印技术在下一代柔性电子设备应用中面临的机遇和挑战.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jiao Z, Zhang C, Wang W, et al. Advanced artificial muscle for flexible material-based reconfigurable soft robots. Adv Sci, 2019, 6: 1901371
Mousavi S, Howard D, Zhang F, et al. Direct 3D printing of highly anisotropic, flexible, constriction-resistive sensors for multidirectional proprioception in soft robots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 15631–15643
Ke X, Zhang S, Chai Z, et al. Flexible discretely-magnetized configurable soft robots via laser-tuned selective transfer printing of anisotropic ferromagnetic cells. Mater Today Phys, 2021, 17: 100313
Xie M, Zhu M, Yang Z, et al. Flexible self-powered multifunctional sensor for stiffness-tunable soft robotic gripper by multimaterial 3D printing. Nano Energy, 2021, 79: 105438
Huang J, Yang X, Yu J, et al. A universal and arbitrary tactile interactive system based on self-powered optical communication. Nano Energy, 2020, 69: 104419
Lu L, Jiang C, Hu G, et al. Flexible noncontact sensing for human-machine interaction. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2100218
Lin Z, Zhang G, Xiao X, et al. A personalized acoustic interface for wearable human-machine interaction. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32: 2109430
Wang L, Liu W, Yan Z, et al. Stretchable and shape-adaptable tribo-electric nanogenerator based on biocompatible liquid electrolyte for biomechanical energy harvesting and wearable human-machine interaction. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 31: 2007221
Kim J, Campbell AS, de Ávila BEF, et al. Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat Biotechnol, 2019, 37: 389–406
Song L, Chen J, Xu BB, et al. Flexible plasmonic biosensors for healthcare monitoring: Progress and prospects. ACS Nano, 2021, 15: 18822–18847
Zhang N, Li Y, Xiang S, et al. Imperceptible sleep monitoring bedding for remote sleep healthcare and early disease diagnosis. Nano Energy, 2020, 72: 104664
Hong YJ, Jeong H, Cho KW, et al. Wearable and implantable devices for cardiovascular healthcare: From monitoring to therapy based on flexible and stretchable electronics. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1808247
Guo J, Yu Y, Cai L, et al. Microfluidics for flexible electronics. Mater Today, 2021, 44: 105–135
Zhao D, Zhu Y, Cheng W, et al. Cellulose-based flexible functional materials for emerging intelligent electronics. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2000619
Wang D, Zhang Y, Lu X, et al. Chemical formation of soft metal electrodes for flexible and wearable electronics. Chem Soc Rev, 2018, 47: 4611–4641
Gao W, Ota H, Kiriya D, et al. Flexible electronics toward wearable sensing. Acc Chem Res, 2019, 52: 523–533
Wang P, Hu M, Wang H, et al. The evolution of flexible electronics: From nature, beyond nature, and to nature. Adv Sci, 2020, 7: 2001116
Du C, Zhang M, Huang Q, et al. Ultralow-voltage all-carbon low-dimensional-material flexible transistors integrated by room-temperature photolithography incorporated filtration. Nanoscale, 2019, 11: 15029–15036
Zhang Y, Mei Z, Huo W, et al. Self-aligned photolithography for the fabrication of flexible transparent high-voltage thin film transistors, diodes and inverters. MicroElectron Eng, 2018, 199: 92–95
Fukuda K, Someya T. Recent progress in the development of printed thin-film transistors and circuits with high-resolution printing technology. Adv Mater, 2017, 29: 1602736
Li D, Lai WY, Zhang YZ, et al. Printable transparent conductive films for flexible electronics. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1704738
Abdolmaleki H, Kidmose P, Agarwala S. Droplet-based techniques for printing of functional inks for flexible physical sensors. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2006792
Hyun WJ, Secor EB, Hersam MC, et al. High-resolution patterning of graphene by screen printing with a silicon stencil for highly flexible printed electronics. Adv Mater, 2015, 27: 109–115
Duan S, Gao X, Wang Y, et al. Scalable fabrication of highly crystalline organic semiconductor thin film by channel-restricted screen printing toward the low-cost fabrication of high-performance transistor arrays. Adv Mater, 2019, 31: 1807975
Cao X, Chen H, Gu X, et al. Screen printing as a scalable and low-cost approach for rigid and flexible thin-film transistors using separated carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano, 2014, 8: 12769–12776
Kang TH, Chang H, Choi D, et al. Hydrogel-templated transfer-printing of conductive nanonetworks for wearable sensors on topographic flexible substrates. Nano Lett, 2019, 19: 3684–3691
Linghu C, Zhang S, Wang C, et al. Transfer printing techniques for flexible and stretchable inorganic electronics. npj Flex Electron, 2018, 2: 26
Park J, Lee Y, Lee H, et al. Transfer printing of electronic functions on arbitrary complex surfaces. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 12–20
Vuorinen T, Niittynen J, Kankkunen T, et al. Inkjet-printed graphene/PEDOT:PSS temperature sensors on a skin-conformable polyurethane substrate. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 35289
Gao M, Li L, Song Y. Inkjet printing wearable electronic devices. J Mater Chem C, 2017, 5: 2971–2993
Zhao N, Chiesa M, Sirringhaus H, et al. Self-aligned inkjet printing of highly conducting gold electrodes with submicron resolution. J Appl Phys, 2007, 101: 064513
Godard N, Glinšek S, Matavž A, et al. Direct patterning of piezoelectric thin films by inkjet printing. Adv Mater Technol, 2019, 4: 1800168
Mkhize N, Murugappan K, Castell MR, et al. Electrohydrodynamic jet printed conducting polymer for enhanced chemiresistive gas sensors. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9: 4591–4596
Lee KH, Lee SS, Ahn DB, et al. Ultrahigh areal number density solidstate on-chip microsupercapacitors via electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Sci Adv, 2020, 6: eaaz1692
Li X, Go M, Lim S, et al. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing of carbon-black composites for solution-processed organic field-effect transistors. Org Electron, 2019, 73: 279–285
Wu C, Tetik H, Cheng J, et al. Electrohydrodynamic jet printing driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1901102
Li H, Duan Y, Shao Z, et al. High-resolution pixelated light emitting diodes based on electrohydrodynamic printing and coffee-ring-free quantum dot film. Adv Mater Technol, 2020, 5: 2000401
Can TTT, Kwack YJ, Choi WS. Drop-on-demand patterning of MoS2 using electrohydrodynamic jet printing for thin-film transistors. Mater Des, 2021, 199: 109408
Yan Q, You J, Sun W, et al. Advances in piezoelectric jet and atomization devices. Appl Sci, 2021, 11: 5093
Zhou C, Deng G, Li J, et al. Flow channel influence of a collision-based piezoelectric jetting dispenser on jet performance. Sensors, 2018, 18: 1270
Paul KE, Wong WS, Ready SE, et al. Additive jet printing of polymer thin-film transistors. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 83: 2070–2072
Phung TH, Kim S, Kwon KS. A high speed electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing method for line printing. J Micromech Microeng, 2017, 27: 095003
Ahn JH, Choi JH, Lee CY. Electrical evaluations of anisotropic conductive film manufactured by electrohydrodynamic ink jet printing technology. Org Electron, 2020, 78: 105561
Onses MS, Sutanto E, Ferreira PM, et al. Mechanisms, capabilities, and applications of high-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Small, 2015, 11: 4237–4266
Chang J, He J, Lei Q, et al. Electrohydrodynamic printing of micro-scale PEDOT:PSS-PEO features with tunable conductive/thermal properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10: 19116–19122
Li K, Wang D, Yi S, et al. Instrument for fine control of drop-on-demand electrohydrodynamic jet printing by current measurement. Rev Sci Instruments, 2019, 90: 115001
Yang SM, Lee YS, Jang Y, et al. Electromechanical reliability of a flexible metal-grid transparent electrode prepared by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. Microelectron Reliab, 2016, 65: 151–159
Chen Y, Shafiq M, Liu M, et al. Advanced fabrication for electrospun three-dimensional nanofiber aerogels and scaffolds. Bioactive Mater, 2020, 5: 963–979
Ding H, Zhu C, Tian L, et al. Structural color patterns by electrohydrodynamic jet printed photonic crystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9: 11933–11941
Liu X, Ding W, Wu Y, et al. Penicillamine-protected Ag20 nanoclusters and fluorescence chemosensing for trace detection of copper ions. Nanoscale, 2017, 9: 3986–3994
Wang X, Sun F, Huang Y, et al. A patterned ZnO nanorod array/gas sensor fabricated by mechanoelectrospinning-assisted selective growth. Chem Commun, 2015, 51: 3117–3120
Novak S, Lin PT, Li C, et al. Direct electrospray printing of gradient refractive index chalcogenide glass films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9: 26990–26995
Li X, Kwon H, Qi X, et al. Direct-patterned copper/poly(ethylene oxide) composite electrodes for organic thin-film transistors through cone-jet mode by electrohydrodynamic jet printing. J Indust Eng Chem, 2020, 85: 269–275
Tang X, Jo Y, Kwon HJ, et al. Electrohydrodynamic-jet-printed cinnamate-fluorinated cross-linked polymeric dielectrics for flexible and electrically stable operating organic thin-film transistors and integrated devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 50149–50162
Liang Y, Yong J, Yu Y, et al. Direct electrohydrodynamic patterning of high-performance all metal oxide thin-film electronics. ACS Nano, 2019, 13: 13957–13964
Du X, Durgan CJ, Matthews DJ, et al. Fabrication of a flexible amperometric glucose sensor using additive processes. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol, 2015, 4: P3069–P3074
Ye D, Ding Y, Duan Y, et al. Large-scale direct-writing of aligned nanofibers for flexible electronics. Small, 2018, 14: 1703521
Hong S, Na JW, Lee IS, et al. Simultaneously defined semiconducting channel layer using electrohydrodynamic jet printing of a passivation layer for oxide thin-film transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 39705–39712
Li X, Park H, Lee MH, et al. High resolution patterning of Ag nanowire flexible transparent electrode via electrohydrodynamic jet printing of acrylic polymer-silicate nanoparticle composite overcoating layer. Org Electron, 2018, 62: 400–406
Qin H, Dong J, Lee YS. Fabrication and electrical characterization of multi-layer capacitive touch sensors on flexible substrates by additive e-jet printing. J Manufact Proc, 2017, 28: 479–485
Mirza F, Sahasrabuddhe RR, Baptist JR, et al. Piezoresistive pressure sensor array for robotic skin. In: Popa D, Muthu BJW (eds.). Proceeding of SPIE Commercial + Scientific Sensing and Imaging, Baltimore, USA, 2016, 9859: 98590K-1
Kang K, Yang D, Park J, et al. Micropatterning of metal oxide nanofibers by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing towards highly integrated and multiplexed gas sensor applications. Sens Actuat B-Chem, 2017, 250: 574–583
Zhao K, Wang D, Li K, et al. Drop-on-demand electrohydrodynamic jet printing of graphene and its composite microelectrode for high performance electrochemical sensing. J Electrochem Soc, 2020, 167: 107508
Dong H, Zhang L, Wu T, et al. Flexible pressure sensor with high sensitivity and fast response for electronic skin using near-field electrohydrodynamic direct writing. Org Electron, 2021, 89: 106044
Prasetyo FD, Yudistira HT, Dat Nguyen V, et al. Ag dot morphologies printed using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing based on a drop-on-demand (DoD) operation. J Micromech Microeng, 2013, 23: 095028
Duan Y, Ding Y, Xu Z, et al. Helix electrohydrodynamic printing of highly aligned serpentine micro/nanofibers. Polymers, 2017, 9: 434
Kwon H, Li X, Hong J, et al. Non-lithographic direct patterning of carbon nanomaterial electrodes via electrohydrodynamic-printed wettability patterns by polymer brush for fabrication of organic field-effect transistor. Appl Surf Sci, 2020, 515: 145989
Huang YA, Ding Y, Bian J, et al. Hyper-stretchable self-powered sensors based on electrohydrodynamically printed, self-similar piezoelectric nano/microfibers. Nano Energy, 2017, 40: 432–439
Chen X, Shao J, An N, et al. Self-powered flexible pressure sensors with vertically well-aligned piezoelectric nanowire arrays for monitoring vital signs. J Mater Chem C, 2015, 3: 11806–11814
Kim BH, Onses MS, Lim JB, et al. High-resolution patterns of quantum dots formed by electrohydrodynamic jet printing for light-emitting diodes. Nano Lett, 2015, 15: 969–973
Wang Q, Zhang G, Zhang H, et al. High-resolution, flexible, and full-color perovskite image photodetector via electrohydrodynamic printing of ionic-liquid-based ink. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31: 2100857
Cho TH, Farjam N, Allemang CR, et al. Area-selective atomic layer deposition patterned by electrohydrodynamic jet printing for additive manufacturing of functional materials and devices. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 17262–17272
Yan K, Li J, Pan L, et al. Inkjet printing for flexible and wearable electronics. APL Mater, 2020, 8: 120705
Cai S, Sun Y, Wang Z, et al. Mechanisms, influencing factors, and applications of electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Nanotechnol Rev, 2021, 10: 1046–1078
Wang Y, Ding Y, Guo X, et al. Conductive polymers for stretchable supercapacitors. Nano Res, 2019, 12: 1978–1987
Grancarić AM, Jerković I, Koncar V, et al. Conductive polymers for smart textile applications. J Indust Text, 2017, 48: 612–642
Tee BCK, Ouyang J. Soft electronically functional polymeric composite materials for a flexible and stretchable digital future. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1802560
Li H, Ma Y, Huang Y. Material innovation and mechanics design for substrates and encapsulation of flexible electronics: A review. Mater Horiz, 2021, 8: 383–400
Park SH, Kim J, Lee S, et al. Organic thin-film transistors with sub-10-micrometer channel length with printed polymer/carbon nanotube electrodes. Org Electron, 2018, 52: 165–171
Tang X, Kwon HJ, Ye H, et al. Enhanced solvent resistance and electrical performance of electrohydrodynamic jet printed PEDOT: PSS composite patterns: Effects of hardeners on the performance of organic thin-film transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2019, 21: 25690–25699
Jung EM, Lee SW, Kim SH. Printed ion-gel transistor using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing process. Org Electron, 2018, 52: 123–129
Ouyang J. Application of intrinsically conducting polymers in flexible electronics. SmartMat, 2021, 2: 263–285
Corletto A, Shapter JG. High-resolution and scalable printing of highly conductive PEDOT:PSS for printable electronics. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9: 14161–14174
Adekoya GJ, Sadiku RE, Ray SS. Nanocomposites of PEDOT:PSS with graphene and its derivatives for flexible electronic applications: A review. Macromol Mater Eng, 2021, 306: 2000716
Lv G, Wang H, Tong Y, et al. Flexible, conformable organic semiconductor proximity sensor array for electronic skin. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2020, 7: 2000306
Root SE, Savagatrup S, Printz AD, et al. Mechanical properties of organic semiconductors for stretchable, highly flexible, and mechanically robust electronics. Chem Rev, 2017, 117: 6467–6499
Jeong YJ, Lee H, Lee BS, et al. Directly drawn poly(3-hexylthiophene) field-effect transistors by electrohydrodynamic jet printing: Improving performance with surface modification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014, 6: 10736–10743
Kim K, Bae J, Noh SH, et al. Direct writing and aligning of small-molecule organic semiconductor crystals via “dragging mode” electrohydrodynamic jet printing for flexible organic field-effect transistor arrays. J Phys Chem Lett, 2017, 8: 5492–5500
Jung C, Tang X, Kwon H, et al. Electrohydrodynamic-printed polyvinyl alcohol-based gate insulators for organic integrated devices. Adv Eng Mater, 2021, 2100900
Jiang H, Tang C, Wang Y, et al. Low content and low-temperature cured silver nanoparticles/silver ion composite ink for flexible electronic applications with robust mechanical performance. Appl Surf Sci, 2021, 564: 150447
Can TTT, Nguyen TC, Choi WS. High-viscosity copper paste patterning and application to thin-film transistors using electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Adv Eng Mater, 2020, 22: 1901384
Jeong YJ, Lee X, Bae J, et al. Direct patterning of conductive carbon nanotube/polystyrene sulfonate composites via electrohydrodynamic jet printing for use in organic field-effect transistors. J Mater Chem C, 2016, 4: 4912–4919
Zhu M, Duan Y, Liu N, et al. Electrohydrodynamically printed highresolution full-color hybrid perovskites. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1903294
Li X, Kim K, Oh H, et al. Cone-jet printing of aligned silver nanowire/poly(ethylene oxide) composite electrodes for organic thin-film transistors. Org Electron, 2019, 69: 190–199
Tang X, Girma HG, Li Z, et al. “Dragging mode” electrohydrodynamic jet printing of polymer-wrapped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes for no gas-sensing field-effect transistors. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9: 15804–15812
Kim K, Kim C, Jo Y, et al. Boosting the ambipolar field-effect transistor performance of a DPP-based copolymer via electrohydrodynamic-jet direct writing. J Industrial Eng Chem, 2019, 78: 172–177
Yu H, Chen Y, Wei H, et al. High-k polymeric gate insulators for organic field-effect transistors. Nanotechnology, 2019, 30: 202002
Kwon H, Ye H, An TK, et al. Highly stable flexible organic field-effect transistors with parylene-C gate dielectrics on a flexible substrate. Org Electron, 2019, 75: 105391
Liu F, Liu X, Gu H. Multi-network poly(β-cyclodextrin)/PVA/gelatin/carbon nanotubes composite hydrogels constructed by multiple dynamic crosslinking as flexible electronic devices. Macro Mater Eng, 2022, 307: 2100724
Jiang L, Huang Y, Zhang X, et al. Electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Proc Manufact, 2020, 48: 90–94
Zhou P, Yu H, Zou W, et al. High-resolution and controllable nanodeposition pattern of Ag nanoparticles by electrohydrodynamic jet printing combined with coffee ring effect. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2019, 6: 1900912
Chang Y, Wang DY, Tai YL, et al. Preparation, characterization and reaction mechanism of a novel silver-organic conductive ink. J Mater Chem, 2012, 22: 25296–25301
Wu JT, Hsu SLC, Tsai MH, et al. Direct ink-jet printing of silver nitrate-silver nanowire hybrid inks to fabricate silver conductive lines. J Mater Chem, 2012, 22: 15599–15605
Guo Y, Wei X, Gao S, et al. Recent advances in carbon material-based multifunctional sensors and their applications in electronic skin systems. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31: 2104288
Zhang B, Lee J, Kim M, et al. Direct patterning and spontaneous self-assembly of graphene oxide via electrohydrodynamic jet printing for energy storage and sensing. Micromachines, 2019, 11: 13
Liu Z, Zhou B, Li C, et al. Printable dielectric elastomers of high electromechanical properties based on SEBS ink incorporated with polyphenols modified dielectric particles. Eur Polym J, 2021, 159: 110730
Zhang B, He J, Zheng G, et al. Electrohydrodynamic 3D printing of orderly carbon/nickel composite network as supercapacitor electrodes. J Mater Sci Tech, 2021, 82: 135–143
Braly IL, deQuilettes DW, Pazos-Outón LM, et al. Hybrid perovskite films approaching the radiative limit with over 90% photoluminescence quantum efficiency. Nat Photon, 2018, 12: 355–361
Kroupa DM, Roh JY, Milstein TJ, et al. Quantum-cutting ytterbium-doped CsPb(Cl1−xBrx)3 perovskite thin films with photoluminescence quantum yields over 190%. ACS Energy Lett, 2018, 3: 2390–2395
Li Z, Chen Z, Yang Y, et al. Modulation of recombination zone position for quasi-two-dimensional blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with efficiency exceeding 5%. Nat Commun, 2019, 10: 1027
Cao Y, Wang N, Tian H, et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures. Nature, 2018, 562: 249–253
Mampallil D, Eral HB. A review on suppression and utilization of the coffee-ring effect. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2018, 252: 38–54
Kuang M, Wang J, Bao B, et al. Inkjet printing patterned photonic crystal domes for wide viewing-angle displays by controlling the sliding three phase contact line. Adv Opt Mater, 2014, 2: 34–38
Li H, Liu N, Shao Z, et al. Coffee ring elimination and crystalline control of electrohydrodynamically printed high-viscosity perovskites. J Mater Chem C, 2019, 7: 14867–14873
Yunker PJ, Still T, Lohr MA, et al. Suppression of the coffee-ring effect by shape-dependent capillary interactions. Nature, 2011, 476: 308–311
Anyfantakis M, Geng Z, Morel M, et al. Modulation of the coffee-ring effect in particle/surfactant mixtures: The importance of particle-interface interactions. Langmuir, 2015, 31: 4113–4120
Cui L, Zhang J, Zhang X, et al. Suppression of the coffee ring effect by hydrosoluble polymer additives. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2012, 4: 2775–2780
Liu Y, Li F, Qiu L, et al. Fluorescent microarrays of in situ crystallized perovskite nanocomposites fabricated for patterned applications by using inkjet printing. ACS Nano, 2019, 13: 2042–2049
Guo L, Duan Y, Huang YA, et al. Experimental study of the influence of ink properties and process parameters on ejection volume in electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Micromachines, 2018, 9: 522
Bae J, Lee J, Kim SH. Effects of polymer properties on jetting performance of electrohydrodynamic printing. J Appl Polym Sci, 2017, 134: 45044
Khan S, Lorenzelli L, Dahiya RS. Technologies for printing sensors and electronics over large flexible substrates: A review. IEEE Sens J, 2014, 15: 3164–3185
MacDonald WA, Looney MK, MacKerron D, et al. Latest advances in substrates for flexible electronics. J Soc Inf Display, 2007, 15: 1075–1083
Zardetto V, Brown TM, Reale A, et al. Substrates for flexible electronics: A practical investigation on the electrical, film flexibility, optical, temperature, and solvent resistance properties. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys, 2011, 49: 638–648
Choi MC, Kim Y, Ha CS. Polymers for flexible displays: From material selection to device applications. Prog Polym Sci, 2008, 33: 581–630
Kumaresan Y, Lee R, Lim N, et al. Extremely flexible indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) based electronic devices placed on an ultrathin poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate. Adv Electron Mater, 2018, 4: 1800167
Puneetha P, Mallem SPR, Lee YW, et al. Strain-controlled flexible graphene/GaN/PDMS sensors based on the piezotronic effect. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12: 36660–36669
Zhang C, Li H, Huang A, et al. Rational design of a flexible CNTs@PDMS film patterned by bio-inspired templates as a strain sensor and supercapacitor. Small, 2019, 15: 1805493
Wang D, Zhou X, Song R, et al. Freestanding silver/polypyrrole composite film for multifunctional sensor with biomimetic micro-pattern for physiological signals monitoring. Chem Eng J, 2021, 404: 126940
Li Y, Wen D, Zhang Y, et al. Highly-stable PEN as a gas-barrier substrate for flexible displays via atomic layer infiltration. Dalton Trans, 2021, 50: 16166–16175
Bera A, Deb K, Kathirvel V, et al. Flexible diode of polyaniline/ITO heterojunction on pet substrate. Appl Surf Sci, 2017, 418: 264–269
Park SJ, Ko TJ, Yoon J, et al. Highly adhesive and high fatigue-resistant copper/PET flexible electronic substrates. Appl Surf Sci, 2018, 427: 1–9
Su S, Liang J, Li X, et al. Direct microtip focused electrohydrodynamic jet printing of tailored microlens arrays on PDMS nanofilm-modified substrate. Adv Mater Technol, 2021, 6: 2100449
Kim Y, Bae J, Song HW, et al. Directionally aligned amorphous polymer chains via electrohydrodynamic-jet printing: Analysis of morphology and polymer field-effect transistor characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9: 39493–39501
Ren P, Liu Y, Song R, et al. Achieving high-resolution electrohydrodynamic printing of nanowires on elastomeric substrates through surface modification. ACS Appl Electron Mater, 2020, 3: 192–202
Cheng E, Yang X, Yin Z, et al. Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) nozzles for electrohydrodynamic printing. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2021, 21: 3249–3255
Li Z, Al-Milaji KN, Zhao H, et al. Ink bridge control in the electrohydrodynamic printing with a coaxial nozzle. J Manufact Proc, 2020, 60: 418–425
Li Z, Al-Milaji KN, Zhao H, et al. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing with a circulating dual-channel nozzle. J Micromech Microeng, 2019, 29: 035013
Zou W, Yu H, Zhou P, et al. Tip-assisted electrohydrodynamic jet printing for high-resolution microdroplet deposition. Mater Des, 2019, 166: 107609
Wang D, Zhao X, Lin Y, et al. Nanoscale coaxial focused electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Nanoscale, 2018, 10: 9867–9879
Su S, Liang J, Wang Z, et al. Microtip focused electrohydrodynamic jet printing with nanoscale resolution. Nanoscale, 2020, 12: 24450–24462
Khan A, Rahman K, Kim DS, et al. Direct printing of copper conductive micro-tracks by multi-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing process. J Mater Processing Tech, 2012, 212: 700–706
Tse L, Barton K. Airflow assisted printhead for high-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing onto non-conductive and tilted surfaces. Appl Phys Lett, 2015, 107: 054103
Huang S, Liu Y, Zhao Y, et al. Flexible electronics: Stretchable electrodes and their future. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 29: 1805924
Chen Y, Li X, Bi Z, et al. Stamp-assisted printing of nanotextured electrodes for high-performance flexible planar micro-supercapacitors. Chem Eng J, 2018, 353: 499–506
Yu Y, Xiao X, Zhang Y, et al. Photoreactive and metal-platable copolymer inks for high-throughput, room-temperature printing of flexible metal electrodes for thin-film electronics. Adv Mater, 2016, 28: 4926–4934
Zhu X, Liu M, Qi X, et al. Templateless, plating-free fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes with embedded silver mesh by electric-field-driven microscale 3D printing and hybrid hot embossing. Adv Mater, 2021, 33: 2007772
Wu F, Liu Y, Zhang J, et al. Recent advances in high-mobility and high-stretchability organic field-effect transistors: From materials, devices to applications. Small Methods, 2021, 5: 2100676
Sun M, Zhang C, Chen D, et al. Ultrasensitive and stable all graphene field-effect transistor-based Hg2+ sensor constructed by using different covalently bonded RGO films assembled by different conjugate linking molecules. SmartMat, 2021, 2: 213–225
Yang J, Zhao Z, Wang S, et al. Insight into high-performance conjugated polymers for organic field-effect transistors. Chem, 2018, 4: 2748–2785
Chen H, Zhang W, Li M, et al. Interface engineering in organic field-effect transistors: Principles, applications, and perspectives. Chem Rev, 2020, 120: 2879–2949
Reese C, Bao Z. Organic single-crystal field-effect transistors. Mater Today, 2007, 10: 20–27
Ye H, Kwon HJ, Tang X, et al. Direct patterned zinc-tin-oxide for solution-processed thin-film transistors and complementary inverter through electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10: 1304
Kim DW, Min SY, Lee Y, et al. Transparent flexible nanoline field-effect transistor array with high integration in a large area. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 907–918
Min SY, Kim TS, Kim BJ, et al. Large-scale organic nanowire lithography and electronics. Nat Commun, 2013, 4: 1773
Zhou K, Dai K, Liu C, et al. Flexible conductive polymer composites for smart wearable strain sensors. SmartMat, 2020, 1: e1010
Liu Y, Pharr M, Salvatore GA. Lab-on-skin: A review of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable health monitoring. ACS Nano, 2017, 11: 9614–9635
Yang H, Qi D, Liu Z, et al. Soft thermal sensor with mechanical adaptability. Adv Mater, 2016, 28: 9175–9181
Park YG, Lee S, Park JU. Recent progress in wireless sensors for wearable electronics. Sensors, 2019, 19: 4353
Sanderson K. Electronic skin: From flexibility to a sense of touch. Nature, 2021, 591: 685–687
Han Y, Dong J. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing of molten metal ink for flexible and stretchable conductor with self-healing capability. Adv Mater Technol, 2017, 3: 1700268
Hu X, Jiang Y, Ma Z, et al. Highly sensitive P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO nanofiber-based pressure sensor with dense stress concentration microstructures. ACS Appl Polym Mater, 2020, 2: 4399–4404
Ali S, Bae J, Lee CH, et al. Flexible and passive photo sensor based on perylene/graphene composite. Sens Actuat B-Chem, 2015, 220: 634–640
Nothnagle C, Baptist JR, Sanford J, et al. EHD printing of PEDOT: PSS inks for fabricating pressure and strain sensor arrays on flexible substrates. In: Popa D, Wijesundara MBJ, Blowers M (eds.). Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Baltimore, USA, 2015, 9494: 949403
Koo JH, Kim DC, Shim HJ, et al. Flexible and stretchable smart display: Materials, fabrication, device design, and system integration. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28: 1801834
Fukagawa H, Sasaki T, Tsuzuki T, et al. Long-lived flexible displays employing efficient and stable inverted organic light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1706768
Hanna AN, Kutbee AT, Subedi RC, et al. Flexible displays: Wavy architecture thin-film transistor for ultrahigh resolution flexible displays. Small, 2018, 14: 1870002
Choi MK, Yang J, Hyeon T, et al. Flexible quantum dot light-emitting diodes for next-generation displays. npj Flex Electron, 2018, 2: 10
Lee HE, Shin JH, Park JH, et al. Micro light-emitting diodes for display and flexible biomedical applications. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1808075
Kim J, Shim HJ, Yang J, et al. Ultrathin quantum dot display integrated with wearable electronics. Adv Mater, 2017, 29: 1700217
Choi MK, Yang J, Kang K, et al. Wearable red-green-blue quantum dot light-emitting diode array using high-resolution intaglio transfer printing. Nat Commun, 2015, 6: 7149
Kim TH, Lee CS, Kim S, et al. Fully stretchable optoelectronic sensors based on colloidal quantum dots for sensing photoplethysmographic signals. ACS Nano, 2017, 11: 5992–6003
Kim K, Kim G, Lee BR, et al. High-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing of small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes. Nanoscale, 2015, 7: 13410–13415
Altintas Y, Torun I, Yazici AF, et al. Multiplexed patterning of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals by additive jet printing for efficient white light generation. Chem Eng J, 2020, 380: 122493
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2018YFA0703200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51973154), and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (20JCZDJC00680).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author contributions Yang H proposed the topic and outline of the manuscript. Zheng X and Yang H wrote and revised the manuscript. Hu M, Liu Y, and Zhang J summarized the references, and contributed to the manuscript writing. Li X polished this manuscript. Li X and Yang H offered creative proposal for improving the depth of the review. All authors contributed to the general discussion.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Xinran Zheng received her Bachelor’s degree from the University of Jinan. Now, she is pursuing a Master’s degree at Tianjin University. She is doing her research under the guidance of Prof. Hui Yang. Her current research mainly focuses on the preparation and design of flexible electrodes for the dynamic monitoring of human electrophysiological signals.
Ximing Li is now a professor at the Department of Cardiology, Chest hospital, Tianjin University. He received his PhD degree from Tianjin Medical University in 2006. His research interests focus on flexible electronics for the clinical application of human electrocardiogram monitoring.
Hui Yang is a professor at the Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University. He received his PhD degree from Shandong University in 2012. He subsequently joined Prof. Xi Zhang’s group as a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University. In 2014–2018, he was a research fellow under the supervision of Prof. Xiaodong Chen at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University. His research interests focus on flexible and stretchable electronics by various flexible micro/nano fabrication technology for stable human electrophysiological signal sensing and intelligent e-healthcare.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zheng, X., Hu, M., Liu, Y. et al. High-resolution flexible electronic devices by electrohydrodynamic jet printing: From materials toward applications. Sci. China Mater. 65, 2089–2109 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1988-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1988-8