Abstract
Stacking nanoscale-building blocks into one-dimensional (1D) assemblies with collective physical properties is a frontier in designing materials. However, the formation of 1D arrays using weak magnetic fields and an in-depth understanding of their magnetic properties remain challenging. Here, low-dimensional assemblies of iron oxide nanocubes with a disordered arrangement are fabricated at the diethylene-glycol/air interface in the presence of assembly fields (0/1/3/5/30/50 mT). Ring-shaped assemblies gradually transform as the assembly field increases from 0 to 50 mT, first to a porous network consisting of elongated assemblies and then to an aligned array of filaments, in which the aligned filaments are formed when the assembly field is ≥3 mT and duration t > 14 min. Spin-glass characteristics and static (dynamic) anisotropy factors ∼2(3) are achieved by tuning the strength of the assembly field. In the presence of a relatively weak assembly field, the interplay between dipolar interactions and disorder with respect to magnetic easy axis alignment leads to spin-glass characteristics. The alignment of the magnetic easy axes and the strength of the dipolar interactions increase with increasing assembly field, resulting in the disappearance of spin-glass characteristics and enhancement of the magnetic anisotropy. This study presents a strategy for obtaining magnetic assemblies with spin-glass behavior and controllable anisotropy while shedding light on the magnetic interactions of low-dimensional assemblies.
摘要
利用纳米尺度结构单元堆积成具有丰富物理性能的一维(1D)组装体, 是材料设计的研究前沿. 然而, 弱磁场诱导1D阵列的制备及其磁性能机制的揭示仍然具有挑战性. 本文采用强度不同的组装场(0/1/3/5/30/50 mT), 在二甘醇–空气界面上制备了由无序四氧化三铁纳米立方体组成的低维组装体. 随着组装场从0增长到50 mT, 环形组装体先变为细长多孔网状, 再逐步变为细丝阵列, 其中细丝阵列的合成条件为组装场≥3 mT且施加组装场时间t>14 min. 通过调控组装场强度可得到自旋玻璃特性和静(动)各向异性∼2(3). 在弱组装场下磁偶极和无序排列易磁化轴之间相互作用导致自旋玻璃特性, 进一步增大组装场将加强磁偶极作用和易磁化轴排列, 导致自旋玻璃特性消失和强各向异性. 本研究不仅提出了一种制备自旋玻璃和可控各向异性组装体的策略, 还为理解低维组装磁相互作用提供了新思路.
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Acknowledgements
The present work was financially supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Project (CYJ20180507182246321 and JCYJ20200109105825504) and Swedish Research Council VR (2016-06959). Xiaoqi Liao is grateful for financial support from the Doctoral Joint-Training Program of China Scholarship Council.
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Liao X, Wetterskog E and Zeng YJ designed the experiments; Liao X, Gunnarsson K and Svedlindh P performed the experiments; Ulusoy S, Liang H and Huang R performed the data analysis; Liao X, Salazar-Alvarez G, Wang Y, Zeng YJ, and Svedlindh P wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors have discussed and approved the results and conclusions.
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Xiaoqi Liao is a postdoctoral researcher at Shenzhen University. He received his PhD degree in 2019 from Xi’an Jiaotong University. During 2017–2018, he was a joint-training PhD student at Uppsala University. His research interest focuses on magnetic materials and devices, including magnetic shape memory alloys, self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles, and 2D materials.
Yu-Jia Zeng is a professor at Shenzhen University. He received his bachelor’s degree in materials science and engineering and his PhD degree in materials physics and chemistry from Zhejiang University. After graduation, he worked at the Department of Physics of KU Leuven as a postdoctoral fellow and a research associate. His research interests include low-dimensional materials, in particular semiconductors, for optoelectronics, spintronics, and multiferroics.
Germán Salazar-Alvarez obtained his PhD degree in 2005 from the Royal Institute of Technology and his Docent degree from Stockholm University in 2012, where he was a group leader between 2010–2019. Since 2020 he is a senior lecturer at Uppsala University. His research activities are devoted to the synthesis, self-assembly, and characterization of nanomaterials with magnetic, catalytic, and ion transport functionalities.
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The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Liao, X., Ulusoy, S., Huang, R. et al. Low-field-induced spin-glass behavior and controllable anisotropy in nanoparticle assemblies at a liquid-air interface. Sci. China Mater. 65, 193–200 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1720-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1720-7