Abstract
All-inorganic lead-free halide perovskites have attracted interest owing to their high ambient and thermal stabilities, excellent optoelectronic properties, and environmental friendliness. Herein, the bismuth-based halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 single crystals were successfully grown to a diameter of 12 mm and length of 40 mm using a modified Bridgman method for the first time. The resistivity and transmittance of transparent and crack-free Cs3Bi2Br9 single crystal are ~6.8×1011 Ω cm and ~80%, respectively. The carrier mobility of the (−120) plane is 0.17 cm2 V−1 s−1 along the [010] orientation (b axis), and the trap density is 9.7×1010 cm−3. Moreover, Cs3Bi2Br9 single crystals exhibit excellent potential for X-ray detection, including a high absorption coefficient, a superior X-ray sensitivity of ~230.4 µC Gyair−1 cm−2, and an ultra-low and no-drift dark current density of ~17.8 pA mm−2, which enables lower noise and is also beneficial to the ultra-low detection limit for X-ray detectors. Our study shows that Cs3Bi2Br9 is a promising candidate for X-ray detection applications.
摘要
近年来, 全无机无铅卤化物钙钛矿以其良好的环境稳定性和热 稳定性、优异的光电性能以及环境友好性而受到广泛关注. 本文采 用改进的垂直布里奇曼法首次生长出直径12 mm、长度约40 mm、 透明性良好的Cs3Bi2Br9单晶. 生长的Cs3Bi2Br9单晶的电阻率约为 6.8×1011 Ω cm, 透过率约为80%. 在(−120)晶面内, 载流子迁移率为 0.17 cm2 V−1 s−1, 缺陷态密度为9.7×1010 cm−3. 在X射线探测方面, Cs3Bi2Br9单晶最大灵敏度约为230.4 μC Gyair−1 cm−2; 暗电流密度约为 17.8 pA mm−2, 且没有漂移现象, 这表明Cs3Bi2Br9单晶具有更小的暗 电流噪声, 有利于获得更低的检测限.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51972194, 51602178, 51932004 and 61975098), the 111 Project 2.0 (BP2018013), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFB1102201 and 2018YFB0406502), the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University, the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in Northwestern Polytechnical University (NWPU) (SKLSP202019), and Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program (2018GGX102003).
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Zhang G and Tao X conceived the idea and obtained the research grants; Li X designed the experiments, synthesized the materials, conducted the characterizations, and wrote the manuscript; Zhang P and Liu L reviewed the manuscript; Hua Y contributed to the general discussion and measurements; Du X, Niu G, and Tang J conceived the discussion and conducted the X-ray detection measurements. All authors contributed to the general discussion.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Xiang Li received his BSc (Honors) degree in 2018 from the Harbin University of Science and Technology of China and is a Master student at Shandong University. His research focuses on photoelectric and X-ray detection studies of Cs3Bi2Br9 single crystals.
Guodong Zhang obtained his PhD degree in 2012 from Shandong University. He is an associate professor at the Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University. His main interests focus on the growth of halide and phosphide single crystals for radiation detection, infrared acoustic-optical applications, and infrared nonlinear optical applications.
Xutang Tao obtained his PhD degree in 1995 from Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan. He is a chief professor at the Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University. His main interests include lasers, nonlinear optical crystals, wide-gap semiconductors, and all-inorganic and organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite optoelectronic functional materials and devices.
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Li, X., Du, X., Zhang, P. et al. Lead-free halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 single crystals for high-performance X-ray detection. Sci. China Mater. 64, 1427–1436 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-020-1553-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-020-1553-8