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Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Biomass as a Replacement for PCI Coal in the Ironmaking Blast Furnace: A Review

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Abstract

Steel production is regarded as one of the primary greenhouse gas emission sources where fossil carbon-bearing fuels are used as chemical reducing agents and a source of energy. Due to the dual role of carbon (iron ore reduction and heating) in the blast furnace ironmaking process, biocarbon-based renewable energy sources may serve as a prospective low-emission alternative to fossil fuel carbon. In recent times, there has been a rapid rise in global concerns regarding climate change issues attributed to excessive CO2 emission in the atmosphere. As a result, a significant emphasis has been imposed on the iron and steel industry to reduce their high CO2 emission levels. Until now, woody biomass has mainly been considered for producing biocarbon for the blast furnace ironmaking process. Due to the presence of higher alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds, as well as phosphorus compounds, biocarbon from agricultural biomass has not been regarded as a potential replacement for metallurgical coal in the ironmaking process and therefore has not been deeply explored. In this review, various existing and promising routes for biomass conversion into biocarbon and their limitations are described. Finally, a hybrid hydrothermal carbonization and slow pyrolysis process is proposed to convert agricultural biomass into biocarbon, which has the potential to replace PCI coal in the blast furnace and other fossil fuels in iron and steelmaking processes.

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Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) for Best in Science program, and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Biomass Canada Cluster (BMC) which is funded through the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s AgriScience program and industry partners.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Trishan Deb Abhi, Kevin MacDermid-Watts, Aneela Hayder & Animesh Dutta

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 3L8, Canada

    Shakirudeen A. Salaudeen

  3. Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Ka Wing Ng

  4. ArcelorMittal Dofasco G.P., Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Ted Todoschuk

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  1. Trishan Deb Abhi
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Contributions

TDA contributed to conceptualization and writing—original draft preparation. KMW contributed to writing—original draft, review, and editing. SAS contributed to writing—review and editing. AH contributed to Writing—original draft. KWN contributed to writing—review and editing. TT contributed to writing—review and editing. AD contributed to conceptualization, supervision, writing—review, and editing.

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Correspondence to Animesh Dutta.

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Abhi, T.D., MacDermid-Watts, K., Salaudeen, S.A. et al. Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Biomass as a Replacement for PCI Coal in the Ironmaking Blast Furnace: A Review. J. Sustain. Metall. 9, 927–949 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-023-00720-2

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