Abstract
In this paper, a novel and effective process for removing lead and synthesizing glass–ceramics from the hazardous waste CRTs funnel glass and red mud was developed. Glass–ceramics was produced through an appropriate sintering treatment of the residual glass after lead from funnel glass was removed. Vacuum smelting results showed that the addition of red mud had contributed to enhance Pb removal from funnel glass as compared to the same process without red mud. When the red mud mass was added 60 wt%, more than 99.93% of Pb was successfully removed and the Pb content was reduced to 0.0093 wt%. Metallic lead with 99% purity was recycled. The sintering process showed that the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 type glass–ceramics were synthesized with different microstructure crystallinity and morphology. Overall, the results demonstrated that red mud can not only enhance PbO removal from waste CRT funnel glass, but also fabricate glass–ceramics combining residual glass.
Graphical Abstract
Route of removing Pb and synthesizing glass–ceramics from waste CRTs funnel glass by red mud.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Zhang K, Schnoor JL, Zeng EY (2012) E-waste recycling: where does it go from here? Environ Sci Technol 46:10861–10867
Socolof ML, Overly JG, Geibig JR (2005) Environmental life-cycle impacts of CRT and LCD desktop computer displays. J Clean Prod 13:1281–1294
Singh N, Li J, Zeng X (2016) Global responses for recycling waste CRTs in e-waste. Waste Manag 57(2016):187–197
Gregory JR, Nadeau MC, Kirchain RE (2009) Evaluating the economic viability of a material recovery system: the case of cathode ray tube glass. J Environ Sci Technol 43:9245–9251
Luan J, Li A, Su T, Cui X (2010) Synthesis of nucleated glass-ceramics using oil shale fly ash. J Hazard Mater 173:427–432
Fernandes HR, Andreola F, Barbieri L, Lancellotti I, Pascual MJ, Ferreira JM (2013) The use of egg shells to produce Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass foams. Ceram Int 39(8):9071–9078
Fernandes HR, Ferreira DD, Andreola F, Lancellotti I, Barbieri L, Ferreira JMF (2014) Environmental friendly management of CRT glass by foaming with waste egg shells, calcite or dolomite. Ceram Int 40(8):13371–13379
Eftimie M, Tacu I (2014) Experiments to obtain glass-ceramics from glass waste resulted from cathode ray tubes-CRT. Rev Rom Mater 44(2014):124–130
Eftimie M, Melinescu A (2018) Glass ceramics from CRT glass waste with TiO2 as nucleating agent. Rom J Mater 45:424–427
Reben M, Kosmal M, Ziąbka M, Pichniarczyk P, Grelowska I (2015) The influence of TiO2 and ZrO2 on microstructure and crystallization behavior of CRT glass. J Non Cryst Solids 425:118–123
Krausova K, Gautron L, Karnis A, Catillon G, Borensztajn S (2016) Glass ceramics and mineral materials for the immobilization of lead and cadmium. Ceram Int 42(7):8779–8788
Bernardo E, Scarinci G, Hreglich S, Zangiacomi G (2007) Effect of time and furnace atmosphere on the sintering of glasses from dismantled cathode ray tubes. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:1637–1643
Ogundiran MB, Enakerakpo IS (2018) Metakaolin clay-derived geopolymer for recycling of waste cathode ray tube glass. Afr J Pure Appl Chem 2(6):42–49
Zhou Y, Liao C-Z, Shih K (2018) Combined Fe2O3 and CaCO3 additives to enhance the immobilization of Pb in cathode ray tube funnel glass. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(3):3669–3675
Lv J, Yang H, Jin Z et al (2018) Lead extraction and glass-ceramics synthesis from waste cathode ray tube funnel glass through cooperative smelting process with coal fly ash. Waste Manag 76(2018):687–696
Lu X, Yang J et al (2018) Crystallization pathways in glass-ceramics by sintering cathode ray tube (CRT) glass with kaolin-based precursors. J Eur Ceram Soc 38:5184–5191
Chen M, Zhang F-S, Zhu J (2009) Lead recovery and the feasibility of foam glass production from funnel glass of dismantled cathode ray tube through pyrovacuum process. J Hazard Mater 161:1109–1113
Grause G, Takahashi K, Kameda T, Yoshioka T (2014) Lead removal from cathode ray tube glass by the action of calcium hydroxide and poly (vinyl chloride). Thermochim Acta 596(596):49–55
Grause G, Yamamoto T, Kameda T (2014) Removal of lead from cathode ray tube funnel glass by chloride volatilization. J Environ Sci Technol 11:959–966
Erzat A, Zhang F (2014) Evaluation of Pb recovery efficiency from waste CRT funnel glass by chlorinating volatilization process. Environ Technol 35:2774–2780
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Yunling Scholars of Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Plan (No. 20190141), Science and Technological Talent Cultivation Plan of Yunnan Province, China (No.2017HB009), the Cultivating Plan Program for the Leader in Science and Technology of Yunnan Province under Grant (No. 014HA003), and the Program for Nonferrous Metals Vacuum Metallurgy Innovation Team of Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant (No. 2014RA4018).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BX—ideas, formulation, or evolution of overarching research goals and aims. FQ—experimentalize, data analysis, original draft preparation. JY—ideas, guidance, formulation, or evolution of overarching research goals and aims. BY—guidance. JZ—data analysis.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in this article.
Additional information
The contributing editor for this article was Adam Clayton Powell.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, B., Wang, F., Yang, J. et al. Enhancing Pb Removal and Synthesizing Glass–Ceramics from Waste CRTs Funnel Glass by Red Mud. J. Sustain. Metall. 6, 367–374 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00282-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00282-7