Abstract
The growing literature on the issues of economic complexity makes it challenging to achieve a comprehensive multidimensional picture of the current problem for beneficiaries, policymakers, and future research. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of 272 documents published in the field of economic complexity since 2007 and extracted from the Scopus database. Results are presented through figures, tables, maps of past trends and research directions using keyword analysis, global citation analysis of authors, organizations, countries, journals, articles, references, content analysis, and other bibliometric analysis via VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and WordStat software. A bibliometric review was applied to identify four clusters: Economic Growth, Diversification, Income Inequality, and Ecological Footprint. Finally, the state of the art in economic complexity research is discussed, and directions for future research are provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The 14 papers published in 2023 were not included in Figure as the year is not over yet.
References
Adam, A., Garas, A., Katsaiti, M.-S., & Lapatinas, A. (2023). Economic complexity and jobs: An empirical analysis. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 32(1), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2020.1859751
Adedoyin, F. F., Agboola, P. O., Ozturk, I., Bekun, F. V., & Agboola, M. O. (2021). Environmental consequences of economic complexities in the EU amidst a booming tourism industry: Accounting for the role of brexit and other crisis events. Journal of Cleaner Production, 305, 127117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127117
Antonietti, R., & Franco, C. (2021). From FDI to economic complexity: A panel Granger causality analysis. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 56, 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2020.11.001
Ashraf, J. (2022). Do political instability, financial instability and environmental degradation undermine growth? Evidence from belt and road initiative countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(6), 1113–1127.
Bahar, D., Rapoport, H., & Turati, R. (2022). Birthplace diversity and economic complexity: Cross-country evidence. Research Policy, 51(8), 103991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103991
Bahrami, F., Shahmoradi, B., Noori, J., Turkina, E., & Bahrami, H. (2023). Economic complexity and the dynamics of regional competitiveness a systematic review. Competitiveness Review, 33(4), 711–744. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-06-2021-0083
Balland, P.-A., Boschma, R., Crespo, J., & Rigby, D. L. (2019). Smart specialization policy in the European Union: Relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1252–1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1437900
Balland, P.-A., Broekel, T., Diodato, D., Giuliani, E., Hausmann, R., O’Clery, N., & Rigby, D. (2022). The new paradigm of economic complexity. Research Policy, 51(3), 104450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104450
Bandeira-Morais, M., Swart, J. & Jordaan, J. A. (2018). Economic Complexity and Inequality Does Productive Structure Affect Regional Wage Differentials in Brazil USE Working Paper Series (Utrecht University)
Ben, S. M., Brahim, M., Schaffar, A., Guesmi, K., & Ben, S. R. (2023). Economic complexity, diversification and economic development: The strategic factors. Research in International Business and Finance, 64, 101840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101840
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.
Boleti, E., Garas, A., Kyriakou, A., & Lapatinas, A. (2021). Economic complexity and environmental performance: Evidence from a world sample. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 26, 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-021-09750-0
Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2012). In beyond territory. In H. Bathelt, M. Feldman, & D. Kogler (Eds.), Dynamic geographies of knowledge creation, diffusion and innovation (pp. 64–68). Routledge.
Can, M., & Ahmed, Z. (2023). Towards sustainable development in the European Union countries: Does economic complexity affect renewable and non-renewable energy consumption? Sustainable Development, 31(1), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2402
Can, M., & Gozgor, G. (2017). The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: Evidence from France. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(19), 16364–16370.
Chávez, J. C., Mosqueda, M. T., & Gómez-Zaldívar, M. (2017). Economic complexity and regional growth performance, evidence from the Mexican economy. The Review of Regional Studies, 47(2), 201–219.
Chinazzi, M., Gonçalves, B., Zhang, Q., & Vespignani, A. (2019). Mapping the physics research space: A machine learning approach. EPJ Data Science, 8, 33. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-019-0210-z
Cicerone, G., McCann, P., & Venhorst, V. A. (2020). Promoting regional growth and innovation: Relatedness, revealed comparative advantage and the product space. Journal of Economic Geography, 20, 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbz001
Cristelli, M., Gabrielli, A., Tacchella, A., Caldarelli, G., & Pietronero, L. (2013). Measuring the intangibles: A metrics for the economic complexity of countries and products. PLoS One, 8(8), e70726.
Das, M., Roy, A., Paul, J., & Saha, V. (2022). High and low impulsive buying in social commerce: A SPAR-4-SLR and fsQCA approach. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3173449
Doğan, B., Driha, O. M., Balsalobre Lorente, D., & Shahzad, U. (2021). The mitigating effects of economic complexity and renewable energy on carbon emissions in developed countries. Sustainable Development, 29(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2125
Doğan, B., Ghosh, S., Hoang, D. P., & Chu, L. K. (2022). Are economic complexity and eco-innovation mutually exclusive to control energy demand and environmental quality in E7 and G7 countries? Technology in Society, 68, 101867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101867
Domini, G. (2019). Patterns of Specialisation and Economic Complexity Through the Lens of Universal Exhibitions, 1855–1900 LEM Papers Series 2019/20. Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM).
Dong, Z., Li, Y., Balland, P.-A., & Zheng, S. (2022). Industrial land policy and economic complexity of Chinese Cities. Industry and Innovation, 29(3), 367–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2021.1990022
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133(C), 285–296.
Dordmond, G., de Oliveira, H. C., Silva, I. R., & Swart, J. (2020). The complexity of Green job creation: An Analysis of green job development in Brazil. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 723–746.
Duque-Uribe, V., Sarache, W., & Gutierrez, E. (2019). Sustainable supply chain management practice and sustainable performance in hospitals: A systematic review and integrative framework. Sustainability, 11(21), 5949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215949
Ellili, N. O. D. (2023a). Is there any association between FinTech and sustainability? Evidence from bibliometric review and content analysis. Journal of Financial Service Marketing, 28, 748–762. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-022-00200-w
Ellili, N. O. D. (2023b). Bibliometric analysis on corporate governance topics published in the journal of Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Corporate Governance (bingley), 23(1), 262–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-03-2022-0135
Elsevier. (2020). Content Coverage Guide. https://elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/69451/Scopus_ContentCoverage_Guide_WEB.pdf. Accessed 11 Nov 2023.
Felipe, J., Kumar, U., Abdon, A., & Bacate, M. (2012). Product complexity and economic development. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 23(1), 36–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2011.08.003
Ferrarini, B., & Scaramozzino, P. (2015). The product space revisited: China’s trade profile. The World Economy, 38, 1368–1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12246
Ferraz, D., Falguera, F. P. S., Mariano, E. B., & Hartmann, D. (2021). Linking economic complexity, diversification, and industrial policy with sustainable development: A structured literature review. Sustainability (switzerland), 13(3), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031265
Gao, J., Jun, B., Pentland, A. S., Zhou, T., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2021). Spillovers across industries and regions in China’s regional economic diversification. Regional Studies, 55(7), 1311–1326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1883191
Gao, J., & Zhou, T. (2018). Quantifying China’s regional economic complexity. Physica a: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 492, 1591–1603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.11.084
Ghosh, S., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Doğan, B., Paiano, A., & Talbi, B. (2022). Modelling an empirical framework of the implications of tourism and economic complexity on environmental sustainability in G7 economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 376, 134281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134281
Ghosh, S., Doğan, B., Can, M., Shah, M. I., & Apergis, N. (2023). Does economic structure matter for income inequality? Quality and Quantity, 57, 2507–2527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01462-1
Guevara, M. R., Hartmann, D., Aristarán, M., Mendoza, M., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2016). The research space: Using career paths to predict the evolution of the research output of individuals, institutions, and nations. Scientometrics, 109, 1695–1709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2125-9
Hartmann, D., Bezerra, M., Lodolo, B., & Pinheiro, F. L. (2020). International trade, development traps, and the core-periphery structure of income inequality. Economia, 21(2), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2019.09.001
Hartmann, D., Guevara, M. R., Jara-Figueroa, C., Aristarán, M., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2017). Linking economic complexity, institutions, and income inequality. World Development, 93, 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020
Hartmann, D., Zagato, L., Gala, P., & Pinheiro, F. L. (2021). Why did some countries catch-up, while others got stuck in the middle? Stages of productive sophistication and smart industrial policies. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 58, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.04.007
Hausmann, R., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2011). The network structure of economic output. Journal of Economic Growth, 16(4), 309–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9071-4
Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., & Rodrik, D. (2007). What you export matters. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-006-9009-4
Hausmann, R., Pietrobelli, C., & Santos, M. A. (2021). Place-specific determinants of income gaps: New sub-national evidence from Mexico. Journal of Business Research, 131, 782–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.003
Hidalgo, C. A. (2021). Economic complexity theory and applications. Nature Reviews Physics, 3, 92–113.
Hidalgo, C. A. (2022). Knowledge is non-fungible. arXiv:2205.02167
Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570–10575.
Hidalgo, C. A., Klinger, B., Barabasi, A. L., & Hausmann, R. (2007). The product space conditions the development of nations. Science, 317(5837), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114458
Huang, Y., Haseeb, M., Usman, M., & Ozturk, I. (2022). Dynamic association between ICT, renewable energy, economic complexity and ecological footprint: Is there any difference between E-7 (developing) and G-7 (developed) countries? Technology in Society, 68, 101853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101853
Ivanova, I., Strand, & KushnirLeydesdorff, D. L. (2017). Economic and technological complexity: A model study of indicators of knowledge-based innovation systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 120, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.04.007
Ji, W., Abourizk, S. M., Zaiane, O. R., & Li, Y. (2018). Complexity analysis approach for prefabricated construction products using uncertain data clustering. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001520
Jun, B., Alshamsi, A., Gao, J., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2020). Bilateral relatedness: Knowledge diffusion and the evolution of bilateral trade. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 30(2), 247–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-019-00638-7
Khan, A., Goodell, J. W., Hassan, M. K., & Paltrinieri, A. (2022). A bibliometric review of finance bibliometric papers. Finance Research Letters, 45, 102520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102520
Khudzari, J. M., Kurian, J., Tartakovsky, B., & Raghavan, G. V. (2018). Bibliometric analysis of global research trends on microbial fuel cells using Scopus database. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 136, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.05.002
Koch, P. (2021). Economic complexity and growth: Can value-added exports better explain the link? Economics Letters, 198, 109682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109682
Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Sivarajah, U., & Kaur, J. (2023). Artificial intelligence and blockchain integration in business: Trends from a bibliometric-content analysis. Information Systems Frontiers, 25, 871–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10279-0
Lapatinas, A. (2019). The effect of the Internet on economic sophistication: An empirical analysis. Economics Letters, 174, 35–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.10.013
Lapatinas, A., & Katsaiti, M. S. (2023). EU MECI: A network-structured indicator for a union of equality. Social Indicators Research, 166, 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03079-9
Lapatinas, A., Litina, A., & Zanaj, S. (2021). The impact of economic complexity on the formation of environmental culture. Sustainability, 13(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020870
Lee, C.-C., & Olasehinde-Williams, G. (2022). Does economic complexity influence environmental performance? Empirical evidence from OECD countries. International Journal of Finance and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2689
Lee, C.-C., Olasehinde-Williams, G., & Gyamfi, B. A. (2022). The synergistic effect of green trade and economic complexity on sustainable environment: A new perspective on the economic and ecological components of sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 31(2), 976–989. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2433
Lee, C.-C., & Wang, E.-Z. (2021a). Economic complexity and income inequality: Does country risk matter? Social Indicators Research, 154(1), 35–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02543-0
Lee, C.-C., & Wang, E.-Z. (2021b). Economic complexity and income inequality: Does country risk matter? Social Indicators Research, 154, 35–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02543-0
Lee, K.-K., & Vu, T. V. (2020). Economic complexity, human capital and income inequality: A cross-country analysis. The Japanese Economic Review, 71, 695–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42973-019-00026-7
Li, Y., Mau, K., & Xu, M. (2023). Rising wages and intra-country industry relocation: Evidence from China. Open Economies Review, 34, 579–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-022-09691-5
Lim, W. M., Kumar, S., & Ali, F. (2022). Advancing knowledge through literature reviews: ‘What’, ‘why’, and ‘how to contribute. The Service Industries Journal, 42(7–8), 481–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2022.204794
Mewes, L., & Broekel, T. (2022). Technological complexity and economic growth of regions. Research Policy, 51(8), 104156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104156
Morais, M. B., Swart, J., & Jordaan, J. A. (2021). Economic complexity and inequality: Does regional productive structure affect income inequality in Brazilian states? Sustainability, 13(2), 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13021006
Muneepeerakul, R., Lobo, J., Shutters, S. T., Goméz- Liévano, A., & Qubbaj, M. R. (2013). Urban economies and occupation space: Can they get “there” from “here”? PLoS One, 8, e73676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073676
Nan, S., Huo, Y., You, W., & Guo, Y. (2022). Globalization spatial spillover effects and carbon emissions: What is the role of economic complexity? Energy Economics, 112, 106184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106184
Neagu, O., & Teodoru, M. C. (2019). The relationship between economic complexity, energy consumption structure and greenhouse gas emission: Heterogeneous panel evidence from the EU countries. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020497
Nguyen, C. P. (2021). Gender equality and economic complexity. Economic Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2021.100921
Nguyen, C. P. (2022). Does economic complexity matter for the shadow economy? Economic Analysis and Policy, 73, 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.12.001
Nguyen, C. P., Nguyen, B., Duy Tung, B., & DinhSu, T. (2021). Economic complexity and entrepreneurship density: A non-linear effect study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121107
Nguyen, C. P., Schinckus, C., & Su, T. D. (2023). Determinants of economic complexity: A global evidence of economic integration, institutions, and internet usage. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14, 4195–4215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-01053-3
Nobanee, H., & Ellili, N. O. D. (2023). Non-fungible tokens (NFTs): A bibliometric and systematic review, current streams, developments, and directions for future research. International Review of Economics and Finance, 84(March), 460–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2022.11.014
Numan, U., Ma, B., Meo, M. S., & Bedru, H. D. (2022). Revisiting the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve for economic complexity and ecological footprint. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132642
Paul, J., Lim, W. M., O’Cass, A., Hao, A. W., & Bresciani, S. (2021). Scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR-4-SLR). International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), O1–O16.
Pinheiro, F. L., Hartmann, D., Boschma, R., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2022). The time and frequency of unrelated diversification. Research Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104323
Rafique, M. Z., Nadeem, A. M., Xia, W., Ikram, M., Shoaib, H. M., & Shahzad, U. (2022). Does economic complexity matter for environmental sustainability? Using ecological footprint as an indicator. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(4), 4623–4640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01625-4
Romero, J. P., & Gramkow, C. (2021). Economic complexity and greenhouse gas emissions. World Development, 139, 105317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105317
Sbardella, A., Pugliese, E., & Pietronero, L. (2017). Economic development and wage inequality: A complex system analysis. PLoS ONE, 12, e0182774. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182774
Sciarra, C., Chiarotti, G., Ridolfi, L., & Laio, F. (2020). Reconciling contrasting views on economic complexity. Nature Communications, 11, 3352. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16992-1
Servedio, V. D., Buttà, P., Mazzilli, D., Tacchella, A., & Pietronero, L. (2018). A new and stable estimation method of country economic fitness and product complexity. Entropy, 20, 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20100783
Shahzad, U., Elheddad, M., Swart, J., Ghosh, S., & Doğan, B. (2023). The role of biomass energy consumption and economic complexity on environmental sustainability in G7 economies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(1), 781–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3175
Shahzad, U., Fareed, Z., Shahzad, F., & Shahzad, K. (2021). Investigating the nexus between economic complexity, energy consumption and ecological footprint for the United States: New insights from quantile methods. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123806
Shou, Y., Li, Y., Park, Y. W., & Kang, M. (2017). The impact of product complexity and variety on supply chain integration. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(4), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-03-2016-0080
Sweet, C., & Eterovic, D. (2019). Do patent rights matter? 40 years of innovation, complexity and productivity. World Development, 115, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.009
Sweet, C. M., & Eterovic Maggio, D. S. (2015). Do stronger intellectual property rights increase innovation? World Development, 66, 665–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.025
Tabash, M. I., Mesagan, E. P., & Farooq, U. (2022). Dynamic linkage between natural resources, economic complexity, and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Africa. Resources Policy, 78, 102865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102865
Tacchella, A., Cristelli, M., Caldarelli, G., Gabrielli, A., & Pietronero, L. (2012). A new metrics for countries’ fitness and products’ complexity. Scientific. Reports, 2, 723. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00723
Tacchella, A., Cristelli, M., Caldarelli, G., Gabrielli, A., & Pietronero, L. (2013). Economic complexity: Conceptual grounding of a new metrics for global competitiveness. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37(8), 1683–1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2013.04.006
Tacchella, A., Mazzilli, D., & Pietronero, L. (2018). A dynamical systems approach to gross domestic product forecasting. Nature Physics, 14, 861–865. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0204-y
Udemba, E. N., & Yalçıntaş, S. (2021). Interacting force of foreign direct invest (FDI), natural resource and economic growth in determining environmental performance: A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. Resources Policy, 73, 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102168
Vu, T. V. (2020). Economic complexity and health outcomes: A global perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 265, 113480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113480
Yalta, A. Y., & Yalta, T. (2021). Determinants of economic complexity in MENA countries. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(1), 5–16.
You, W., Zhang, Y., & Lee, C.-C. (2022). The dynamic impact of economic growth and economic complexity on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Economic Analysis and Policy, 73, 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.11.004
Yu, J., Ju, F., Wahab, M., Agyekum, E. B., Matasane, C., & Uhunamure, S. E. (2022). Estimating the effects of economic complexity and technological innovations on CO2 emissions: Policy instruments for N-11 countries. Sustainability, 14, 16856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416856
Zhu, S., & Li, R. (2017). Economic complexity, human capital and economic growth: Empirical research based on cross-country panel data. Applied Economics, 49(38), 3815–3828. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1270413
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Shahmoradi, B., Ellili, N.O.D. Bibliometric review of research on economic complexity: current trends, developments, and future research directions. J. Ind. Bus. Econ. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-024-00298-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-024-00298-0
Keywords
- Economic complexity
- Systematic literature review
- Economic growth
- Diversification
- Income inequality
- And ecological footprint