Abstract
Infrastructure network security and resiliency have become major problems in recent years as a result of an increasing number of catastrophic weather-related occurrences around the world. Major catastrophic events in Accra within the Odaw river basin began in 1959, with the flood claiming the lives of roughly 154 Ghanaians and causing varying levels of burns and injuries. The Odaw river basin has a total catchment area estimated to be about 275 km2 which drains the major urbanised areas of Accra including Ga East, Ga west, Accra metropolitan assembly and Adenta Municipal Assembly further upstream. These areas mostly get affected by flash floods. This study used integrated 2D hydrodynamic, SWAT, Geographic information system (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) models to estimate flood depth and the extent to map out inundated areas for effective open channel design to control flooding within the Odaw river basin. Landsat images were classified using a Random Forest algorithm to produce a LULC map for the SWAT model. SWAT model was used to delineate the basin with its channels, sub-basins, outlet points, flow length, area and runoff depth of the Odaw river basin using GIS. A 2D hydrodynamic model was used to estimate the flood depth (0–0.3 m, 0.3–5.0 m and > 5.0 m) and extent within the Odaw river basin using HER-RAS 6.0 software. Flood depth greater than 0.3 m was identified to be dangerous because it causes vehicles to float and submerge. George Bush Motorway, Kwame Nkrumah Motorway, Tetteh Quarshie Interchange, Obetsebi Lamptey Circle, Graphic Road, Black Meteors Lane, Ring Road Central, Afram Road, Guggisberg Avenue and Hall Street were identified road networks within this flood depth (> 0.3 m). Achimota, Asofan, Ashouman, Akokome, Adenkrebi, Kweman, Kokomlemle, Alajo and Tesano were also road service areas identified within this flood depth greater than 0.3 m. A 50-year peak flow of 447.801 m3/s which occurred in 2016 within the basin was obtained from field measurement by Edward in The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. This peak flow was used to propose an open channel design to control flooding within the basin using Manning’s equation. The results of the study show that the integrated 2D hydrodynamic, SWAT, GIS and RS models have better performance in open channel design.
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Data availability
All the data taken in the manuscript based on the literature study carried out in conjunctive with field channel survey are available on reasonable request.
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The authors are thankful to Africa Centre of Excellence, Regional Transport Research & Education Centre Kumasi (TRECK), to their continuous supports. In addition, the authors extend gratitude to all those researchers, scientist and authors who are having great research work in this field.
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This research received funding from Africa Centre of Excellence, Regional Transport Research & Education Centre Kumasi (TRECK) Ghana.
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Osei, J.D., Anyemedu, F.O.K. & Osei, D.K. Integrating 2D hydrodynamic, SWAT, GIS and satellite remote sensing models in open channel design to control flooding within road service areas in the Odaw river basin of Accra, Ghana. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 9, 4183–4221 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01742-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01742-1