|
Age (years), mean ± SD (median)
|
45.0 ± 10.7 (46.5)
|
47.5 ± 10.5 (49.4)
|
24.1*
|
|
Female, n (%)
|
167 (45.0)
|
4228 (51.0)
|
11.9*
|
|
Race, n (%)
|
|
White
|
166 (44.7)
|
4634 (55.9)
|
22.4*
|
|
Black
|
166 (44.7)
|
2794 (33.7)
|
22.8*
|
|
Hispanic
|
0 (0.0)
|
41 (0.5)
|
10.0*
|
|
Other
|
26 (7.0)
|
513 (6.2)
|
3.3
|
|
Unknown
|
13 (3.5)
|
314 (3.8)
|
1.5
|
|
State, n (%)
|
|
Iowa
|
7 (1.9)
|
258 (3.1)
|
7.8
|
|
Kansas
|
27 (7.3)
|
659 (7.9)
|
2.5
|
|
Mississippi
|
31 (8.4)
|
746 (9.0)
|
2.3
|
|
Missouri
|
214 (57.7)
|
3925 (47.3)
|
20.9*
|
|
New Jersey
|
72 (19.4)
|
2241 (27.0)
|
18.1*
|
|
Wisconsin
|
20 (5.4)
|
467 (5.6)
|
1.0
|
|
Region, n (%)
|
|
Urban
|
200 (53.9)
|
4902 (59.1)
|
10.5*
|
|
Suburban
|
91 (24.5)
|
2009 (24.2)
|
0.7
|
|
Rural
|
80 (21.6)
|
1385 (16.7)
|
12.4*
|
|
Year of index date, n (%)
|
|
2010
|
151 (40.7)
|
4161 (50.2)
|
19.1*
|
|
2011
|
92 (24.8)
|
2077 (25.0)
|
0.6
|
|
2012
|
66 (17.8)
|
1192 (14.4)
|
9.3
|
|
2013
|
41 (11.1)
|
690 (8.3)
|
9.3
|
|
2014
|
21 (5.7)
|
176 (2.1)
|
18.4*
|
|
Quan-CCI, mean ± SD (median)
|
1.0 ± 1.2 (1.0)
|
1.4 ± 1.7 (1.0)
|
27.1*
|
|
Number of unique mental health diagnoses, mean ± SD (median)
|
7.5 ± 6.8 (6.0)
|
8.2 ± 7.8 (6.0)
|
9.4
|
|
AP use, n (%)
|
244 (65.8)
|
4433 (53.4)
|
25.3*
|
|
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)
|
148 (39.9)
|
3456 (41.7)
|
3.6
|
|
CVD, n (%)
|
329 (88.7)
|
7376 (88.9)
|
0.7
|
|
All-cause resource utilization (≥ 1 visit), n (%)
|
|
Outpatient visits
|
355 (95.7)
|
7812 (94.2)
|
6.9
|
|
Emergency room visits
|
177 (47.7)
|
4046 (48.8)
|
2.1
|
|
Inpatient visits
|
191 (51.5)
|
4536 (54.7)
|
6.4
|
|
Skilled nursing and long-term care admissions
|
14 (3.8)
|
693 (8.4)
|
19.3*
|
|
Mental health institute admissions
|
227 (61.2)
|
3607 (43.5)
|
36.0*
|
|
One-day mental health institute visits
|
260 (70.1)
|
4787 (57.7)
|
26.0*
|
|
Home care services
|
161 (43.4)
|
3698 (44.6)
|
2.4
|
|
Other services
|
97 (26.1)
|
2536 (30.6)
|
9.8
|
|
All-cause monthly cost ($US 2015), mean ± SD (median)
|
|
Pharmacy and medical costs
|
2617 ± 3669 (1507)
|
3160 ± 5683 (1568)
|
11.4*
|
|
Pharmacy costs
|
418 ± 721 (46)
|
373 ± 730 (46)
|
6.2
|
|
Medical costs
|
2199 ± 3523 (1114)
|
2787 ± 5560 (1259)
|
12.6*
|