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A Review on the Science and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Biolubricants

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Abstract

Bio-based lubricants have gained prominence over conventional petroleum-based oils, progressively over the last two decades as biolubricants. This trend is observed in almost every industry that has been dependent on lubricants and oils irrespective of their applications. Factors that initiated and fueled this trend vary from stringent government regulations over petroleum-based oils to the high passed depletion of oil reserves. But the most concerning factor that has fast-tracked the need for biolubricants is the toxic and harmful effect of used petroleum oils has on the environment and ecological factors. It is estimated that nearly 50% of all lubricants produced are introduced to the environment which has spurred the interest in biolubricants. This review discusses various types of eco-friendly bio-lubrications that will become a sustainable and economical alternative to the conventional petroleum-based lubricants by being sourced from renewable resources. Biolubricants are seen to be feasible and versatile lubricants with higher lubricity, lower volatility, higher shear stability, higher viscosity index, higher load-carrying capacity, and superior detergency and dispersancy when compared to petroleum-based lubricants. The review also investigates in detail the poor thermal-oxidative stability, biological deterioration, their poor solidification at low temperatures, and hydrolytic instability as well as mechanical and chemical enhancements that seek to rectify these issues. Furthermore, economical and legislative landscape of biolubricants is discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA

    Carlton J. Reeves, Arpith Siddaiah & Pradeep L. Menezes

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  1. Carlton J. Reeves
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Correspondence to Pradeep L. Menezes.

Terminologies and Nomenclature

Terminologies and Nomenclature

No.

Terminologies

Description

1

1,3-Dialkylimidazolium cations (DAI)

A class of room temperature ionic liquids described as hydrogen-bonded polymeric supramolecules of the type {[(DAI) x (X) x−n ]n+, [(DAI) x−n (X) x )]n−} n , where X is the anion

2

12-Hydroxystearic acid

A chemical compound classified as a lithium soap. In chemistry, “soap” refers to salts of fatty acids which are key components of lubricating greases

3

Acylation

The process of adding an acyl group to a compound

4

Acyloxylation

The process of substitution of a hydrogen atom by an acyloxy group

5

Additivation

Process treating oils and lubricants by adding additives to them

6

Adipic acid or maleic acid

A mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone called “KA oil,” the abbreviation of ketone-alcohol oil

7

Alkyl hydroperoxides

Organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (ROOR′), with R being an alkyl group and R′ being the hydrogen

8

Alkylated aromatics

An alkylated hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming a circle

9

Alkylation

Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another

10

Amino alkylation

Alkylated amines to form C–N bonds

11

Amphiphilic

A chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties

12

ASTM D2112-93, ASTM D2272, and ASTM D943

Standard test methods for oxidation stability as described by ASTM

13

ASTM D2619 (beverage bottle test) and ASTM D943 (TOST test)

Standard test methods for examining hydrolytic stability as described by ASTM

14

ASTM standards D445 and D2270

Standard Test Methods for Kinematic Viscosity and the viscosity index as described by ASTM

15

Azelaic acid

An organic compound with the formula consisting of saturated dicarboxylic acid existing as a white powder and found in wheat, rye, and barley

16

Baader Oxidation Test (DIN 51553 part 3)

A versatile test method for oxidation stability as described by VDMA (Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Mechanical Engineering Industry Association)

17

Baader-test (DIN 51587)

A test method for oxidation stability as described by VDMA (Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Mechanical Engineering Industry Association)

18

Bis-allylic hydrogen

They are two hydrogen atoms that are bonded to an allylic carbon in an organic molecule

19

Branched alcohols

Alcohol compounds which occur in isomeric structures, from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol

20

Branched fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids with one or more methyl branches on the carbon chain

21

C5–C18 mono acids

Fatty acids that occur as their esters, commonly triglycerides, which are the greasy materials in many natural oils

22

C5–C9 carboxylic acids

Organic compounds that contain one or more carboxyl group. That include amino acids (which make up proteins) and acetic acid (which is part of vinegar and occurs in metabolism)

23

C6–C13 alcohols

These are aliphatic alcohol components, with a range (6–13) of carbon chain lengths

24

CECL-33-A-93 tests

Standard Test Methods of evaluating the infrared (IR) bands of the C–H bonds as described by CEC, Coordinating European Council

25

CECL-33-T-82

Standard Test Methods of evaluating the minimum requirements of biodegradability as described by CEC, Coordinating European Council

26

Chemoenzymatic self-epoxidation process

A synthesis, which combines the flexibility of chemical synthesis and the high selectivity of enzymatic synthesis to obtain complex carbohydrates

27

Co-oligomerization

Oligomers derived from more than one species of monomer. An oligomer is one which consists of molecules of intermediate relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass

28

DA-FPEs

α,ω-Dialkoxyfluoropolyethers

29

Diacids

Adipic acid, azelaic, sebacic, and dodecanedioic

30

EDTA

Ethyl-enediamine-tetra-acetic acid

31

Elaidic acid (trans C18:1)

An organic compound with 18 carbon fatty acid chains and one double bond of the fatty acid chain. It is an unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions and as a pharmaceutical solvent

32

Enereaction

Also known as the Alder-ene reaction is a chemical reaction between an alkene with an allylic hydrogen (the ene) and a compound containing multiple bonds (the enophile), in order to form a new σ-bond with the migration of the ene double bond and 1,5 hydrogen shift

33

Esterification or transesterification

The modification of the ester moieties present in the triacylglycerides, which have glycerol as the alcohol component and have the critical β-hydrogen, which is susceptible to thermal degradation by elimination

34

GMOs

Genetically modified organisms

35

HOSO

High-oleic acid safflower oil

36

Hydroformylation

Also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes

37

Hydrolytic degradation

Usually, hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both substance and water molecule to split into two parts. In such reactions, one fragment of the target molecule (or parent molecule) gains a hydrogen ion

38

Linoleic acid (C18:2)

A carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and two cis double bonds, with the first double bond located at the sixth carbon from the methyl end

39

Linolenic acid (C18:3)

An organic compound with an 18-carbon chain and three cis double bonds classified as a keto acid. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels

40

Lipid modifiers

Organic compounds which are considered as lipid additives to modify specific properties of lipids

41

Lipid number

The numbers in the lipid name are used to describe the fatty acid chains on the lipid. The numbers are generally presented in the format (number of carbons in fatty acid chain):(number of double bonds in fatty acid chain)

42

Metathesis

A bimolecular process involving the exchange of bonds between the two reacting chemical species

43

Mono/di/tri/poly unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids that have one/two/three/poly double bond in the fatty acid chain with all of the remainder carbon atoms being single-bonded

44

Natural esters (type HETG)

Vegetable fluid-based hydraulic fluids

45

NPG

Neopentylglycol

46

Nucleophilic attacks

Nucleophilic substitution/attack is a fundamental class of reactions in which an electron-rich nucleophile selectively bonds with or attacks the positive or partially positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group; the positive or partially positive atom is referred to as an electrophile

47

OECD 201 through 213 tests and 401

Standard method of testing the aquatic toxicity of lubricants by measuring the extent to which they poison particular environmental species as described by OECD, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development

48

OECD 301 tests

Standard test methods for measuring total degradation that describes the conversion of the original organic compound to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) by biodegradation as described by OECD, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development

49

PAGs

Polyalkylene glycols

50

PAOs

Polyalphaolefins

51

PE

Pentaerythritol

52

PFPEs

Perfluoroalkylethers

53

PGs

Polyglycols

54

PTSA

p-Toluenesulfonic acid

55

Polyglycols (type HEPG)

Polyglycol-based synthetic hydraulic fluids

56

Rancimat method

Method to determine the oxidation stability of natural fats and oils, in their pure form as well as in fat-containing foods and cosmetics

57

Selective hydrogenation

The process of converting polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids by removing all or all but one of the double bonds

58

Synthetic esters (type HEES)

Ester-based synthetic hydraulic fluids

59

TGA

Thermogravimetric analysis

60

TME

Trimethylolethane

61

TMH

Trimethylolhexane

62

TMP

Trimethylolpropane

63

Transesterification

The process of exchanging the organic group of an ester with the organic group of an alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base catalyst

64

Two One-Sided Tests (DIN 51587)/TOST test

Requirements of the thermal-oxidation stability test (TOST) in accordance with DIN 51587 (German Institute of Standardization)

65

USDA

The United States Department of Agriculture

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Reeves, C.J., Siddaiah, A. & Menezes, P.L. A Review on the Science and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Biolubricants. J Bio Tribo Corros 3, 11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-016-0069-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-016-0069-5

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