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Enhancing Tree Performance Through Species Mixing: Review of a Quarter-Century of TreeDivNet Experiments Reveals Research Gaps and Practical Insights

  • Ecological Function (M Watt, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

International ambitions for massive afforestation and restoration are high. To make these investments sustainable and resilient under future climate change, science is calling for a shift from planting monocultures to mixed forests. But what is the scientific basis for promoting diverse plantations, and what is the feasibility of their establishment and management? As the largest global network of tree diversity experiments, TreeDivNet is uniquely positioned to answer these pressing questions. Building on 428 peer-reviewed TreeDivNet studies, combined with the results of a questionnaire completed by managers of 32 TreeDivNet sites, we aimed to answer the following questions: (i) How and where have TreeDivNet experiments enabled the relationship between tree diversity and tree performance (including productivity, survival, and pathogen damage) to be studied, and what has been learned? (ii) What are the remaining key knowledge gaps in our understanding of the relationship between tree diversity and tree performance? and (iii) What practical insights can be gained from the TreeDivNet experiments for operational, real-world forest plantations?

Recent Findings

We developed a conceptual framework that identifies the variety of pathways through which target tree performance is related to local neighbourhood diversity and mapped the research efforts for each of those pathways. Experimental research on forest mixtures has focused primarily on direct tree diversity effects on productivity, with generally positive effects of species and functional diversity on productivity. Fewer studies focused on indirect effects mediated via biotic growing conditions (e.g. soil microbes and herbivores) and resource availability and uptake. Most studies examining light uptake found positive effects of species diversity. For pests and diseases, the evidence points mostly towards lower levels of infection for target trees when growing in mixed plantations. Tree diversity effects on the abiotic growing conditions (e.g. microclimate, soil properties) and resource-use efficiency have been less well studied to date. The majority of tree diversity experiments are situated in temperate forests, while (sub)tropical forests, and boreal forests in particular, remain underrepresented.

Summary

TreeDivNet provides evidence in favour of mixing tree species to increase tree productivity while identifying a variety of different processes that drive these diversity effects. The design, scale, age, and management of TreeDivNet experiments reflect their focus on fundamental research questions pertaining to tree diversity-ecosystem function relationships and this scientific focus complicates translation of findings into direct practical management guidelines. Future research could focus on (i) filling the knowledge gaps related to underlying processes of tree diversity effects to better design plantation schemes, (ii) identifying optimal species mixtures, and (iii) developing practical approaches to make experimental mixed plantings more management oriented.

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Data availability

All data is available in appendix.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Olga Ferlian, Jingjing Liang, Jefferson Hall, and Eric Van Beek for completing the questionnaire on managing their experimental sites.

Funding

This research was funded through the 2019–2020 BiodivERsA joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivClim ERA-Net COFUND program (MixForChange project), and with the funding organizations ANR (ANR-20-EBI5-0003), BELSPO, DFG (project number 451394862), FAPESP, FWF (l 5086-B) and FORMAS (2020–02339). This research was also funded by Fondation BNP Paribas (CAMBIO project) and the National Science Foundation Biological Integration Institute program (NSF-DBI 2021898).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest & Nature Lab, Campus Gontrode, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium

    Leen Depauw, Emiel De Lombaerde, Els Dhiedt, Haben Blondeel, Kris Verheyen & Lander Baeten

  2. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UK

    Els Dhiedt & Michael P. Perring

  3. Departamento de Ecología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Mérida, 97000, Yucatán, Mexico

    Luis Abdala-Roberts

  4. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle, Germany

    Harald Auge

  5. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Harald Auge & Nico Eisenhauer

  6. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK

    Nadia Barsoum

  7. Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany

    Jürgen Bauhus & Florian Schnabel

  8. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China

    Chengjin Chu

  9. Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    Abebe Damtew & Bart Muys

  10. Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

    Abebe Damtew

  11. Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Nico Eisenhauer

  12. Department of Ecology, Centre for Bioscience, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, UFRN, Lagoa Nova, CEP:59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil

    Marina V. Fagundes & Gislene Ganade

  13. Institut Des Sciences de La Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT), Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada

    Benoit Gendreau-Berthiaume & Christian Messier

  14. Institute of Forest Ecology, Universität Für Bodenkultur, 1180, Vienna, Austria

    Douglas Godbold

  15. Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Mendel University, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Douglas Godbold & Boris Rewald

  16. Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, Canada

    Dominique Gravel

  17. CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France

    Joannès Guillemot

  18. Eco&Sols, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France

    Joannès Guillemot

  19. Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

    Joannès Guillemot

  20. Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany

    Peter Hajek & Michael Scherer-Lorenzen

  21. Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Andrew Hector

  22. CIRAD, UPR Forêts Et Sociétés, 34398, Montpellier, France

    Bruno Hérault

  23. Forêts Et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France

    Bruno Hérault

  24. INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Cestas, France

    Hervé Jactel

  25. Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK

    Julia Koricheva

  26. Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Holger Kreft & Gustavo B. Paterno

  27. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China

    Xiaojuan Liu

  28. Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy

    Simone Mereu

  29. National Biodiversity Future Center S.C.a.R.L., (NBFC), Palazzo Steri, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy

    Simone Mereu

  30. Département Des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Christian Messier

  31. Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Charles A. Nock

  32. Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, Canada

    Alain Paquette

  33. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA

    John D. Parker

  34. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada

    William C. Parker

  35. The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia

    Michael P. Perring

  36. UCLouvain, Earth & Life Institute, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

    Quentin Ponette

  37. Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Catherine Potvin

  38. Smithsonian Tropical Research Insitute, Panama City, Panama

    Catherine Potvin

  39. Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Peter B. Reich

  40. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA

    Peter B. Reich

  41. Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Florian Schnabel

  42. Young Academy for Sustainability Research, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany

    Rita Sousa-Silva

  43. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Rita Sousa-Silva

  44. Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Martin Weih

  45. Laboratory of Conservation Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Delphine Clara Zemp

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  1. Leen Depauw
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  2. Emiel De Lombaerde
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  5. Luis Abdala-Roberts
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  7. Nadia Barsoum
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Contributions

EDL, LD, KV, LB, HB and ED conceived and designed the study; EDL, LD and ED collected the data from the literature; EDL and LD performed the analysis; EDL and LD wrote the paper and created the figures and tables; JG, JB, MSL, ED, LB, HB, and KV commented on the first draft. All co-authors contributed to the questionnaire, commented and approved the final manuscript. KV and LB supervised the project and helped designing the conceptual framework.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Leen Depauw or Emiel De Lombaerde.

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Leen Depauw and Emiel De Lombaerde shared first authorship. Kris Verheyen and Lander Baeten shared senior authorship.

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Depauw, L., De Lombaerde, E., Dhiedt, E. et al. Enhancing Tree Performance Through Species Mixing: Review of a Quarter-Century of TreeDivNet Experiments Reveals Research Gaps and Practical Insights. Curr. For. Rep. 10, 1–20 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00208-y

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