Abstract
The present work aims to make a novel chemical modification of chitosan to improve its ability in removing hexavalent chromium from its aqueous solution. Therefore, the use of N,N/−methylene bis-acrylamide as a cross linker for chitosan has been studied using simple method via nucleophilic addition, in the presence of FeCl3.6H2O as a Lewis acid catalyst. The obtained product (CMBA) was tested as an adsorbent for removal of Cr6+ ions from its aqueous solution. The CMBA was characterized using instrumental techniques such as FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TGA analyses. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of a peak at 3297–3355 cm−1 due to the stretching vibration mode of –OH and –NH2 groups, and a peak at 1745 cm−1 due to the C=O stretching in carboxylic group. The equilibrium data were studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) calculated from Langmuir isotherm was 149 mg/g, which showed a 3-fold greater uptake for CMBA over non-modified chitosan. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was the best model representing the adsorption data with correlation coefficient close to one, indicating that chemisorption is dominating the adsorption process. The intraparticle diffusion study proved that the adsorption process was performed under the control of more than one mechanisms. The present study proved that the novel cross-linked chitosan CMBA is a helpful material for the adsorption of Cr6+ ions from its water solution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelwahab O, El Sikaily A, Khaled A, El Nemr A (2007) Mass transfer processes of chromium (VI) adsorption onto guava seeds. Chem Ecol 23(1):73–85
Barbosa RFS, Souza AG, Maltez HF, Rosa DS (2020) Chromium removal from contaminated wastewaters using biodegradable membranes containing cellulose nanostructures. Chem Eng J 395:125055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125055
Bidgoli H, Zamani A, Taherzadeh MJ (2010) Effect of carboxymethylation conditions on the water-binding capacity of chitosan-based superabsorbents. Carbohydr Res 345:2683–2689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2010.09.024
Biyan J, Fei S, Hu G, Zheng S, Zhang Q, Xu Z (2009) Adsorption of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from aqueous solution by porous polymeric adsorbent. J Hazard Material 161(1):81–87
Boamah PO, Huang Y, Hua M, Zhang Q, Wu J, Onumah J, Sam-Amoah LK, Boamah PO (2015) Sorption of heavy metal ions onto carboxylate chitosan derivatives-a mini-review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 116:113–120
Cetin D, Dönmez S, Dönmez G (2008) The treatment of textile wastewater including chromium (VI) and reactive dye by sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichment. J Environ Manag 88:76–82
Crini G, Peindy HN, Gimbert F, Robert C (2007) Removal of C.I. basic green 4 (malachite green) from aqueous solutions by adsorption using cyclodextrin-based adsorbent: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Sep Purif Technol 53:97–110
El Nemr A (2007) Pomegranate husk as an adsorbent in the removal of toxic chromium from wastewater. Chem Ecol 23(5):409–425
El Nemr A (2009) Potential of pomegranate husk carbon for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater: kinetic and isotherm studies. J Hazard Mater 161:132–141
El Nemr A (Editor) (2011) Impact, Monitoring and Management of Environmental Pollution, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Hauppauge New York, USA. [ISBN-10: 1608764877, ISBN-13: 9781608764877]. 638 pages
El Nemr A, El Sikaily A, Khaled A, Abdelwahab O (2007) Removal of toxic chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by activated carbon using Casuarina equisetifolia. Chem Ecol 23:119–129
El Nemr A, El-Sikaily A, Khaled A (2010) Modeling of adsorption isotherms of methylene blue onto rice husk activated carbon. Egy J Aquat Res 36(3):403–425
El Nemr A, Ismail MNM, El Ashry ESH, Abdel Hamid H (2020) Novel simple modification of chitosan as adsorptive agent for removal of Cr6+ from aqueous solution. Egypt J Chem. Article 133, 63(4): 21-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2019.11157.1716
El Nemr A, Khaled A, Abdelwahab O, El-Sikaily A (2008) Treatment of wastewater containing toxic chromium using new activated carbon developed from date palm seed. J Hazard Mater 152(1):263–275
El Nemr A, Ragab S, El Sikaily A, Khaled A (2015) Synthesis of cellulose triacetate from cotton cellulose by using NIS as a catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Carbohydr Polym 130:41–48
El Sikaily A, El Nemr A, Khaled A (2011) Copper sorption onto dried red alga Pterocladia capillacea and its activated carbon. Chem Eng J 168:707–714
El Sikaily A, El Nemr A, Khaled A, Abdelwahab O (2007) Removal of toxic chromium from wastewater using green alga Ulva lactuca and its activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 148:216–228
Eldeeb TM, El Nemr A, Khedr MH, El-Dek SI, Imam NG (2020) Novel, three-dimensional, chitosan-carbon nanotube–PVA nanocomposite hydrogel for removal of Cr6+ from water. Desalin Water Treat 184:163–177
Eleryan A, El Nemr A, Mashaly M, Khaled A (2019) 6-Triethylenetetramine 6-deoxycellulose grafted with crotonaldehyde as adsorbent for Cr6+ removal from wastewater. Inter J Sci Eng Res 10(7):1199–1211
Freundlich HMF (1906) Über die Adsorption in Lösungen. Z Phys Chem (Leipzig) 57A:385–470
Gavilan KC, Pesto AV, Garcia HM, Yatluk Y, Roussy J, Guibal E (2009) Mercury sorption on a thiocarbamoyl derivative of chitosan. J Hazard Mater 165:415–426
Gierszewska M, Jakubowska E, Olewnik-Kruszkowska E (2019) Effect of chemical crosslinking on properties of chitosan-montmorillonite composites. Polym Test 77:105872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.04.019
Gilcreas FW, Tarars MJ, Ingols RS (1965) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 12th, American public health association (APHA), New York, USA
Giri AK, Patel R, Mandal S (2012) Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by Eichhornia crassipes root biomass-derived activated carbon. Chem Eng J 185-186:71–81
Golbaz S, Jafari AJ, Rafiee M, Kalantary RR (2014) Separate and simultaneous removal of phenol, chromium, and cyanide from aqueous solution by coagulation/precipitation: mechanisms and theory. Chem Eng J 253:251–257
Gopalakannana V, Periyasamyb S, Viswanathan N (2016) One pot eco-friendly synthesis of highly dispersed alumina supports dalginate biocomposite for efficient chromium (VI) removal. J Water Process Eng 10:113–119
Hassaan MA, El Nemr A, Madkour FF (2016) Environmental assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk. Amer J water Sci Eng 2(3):14-19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20160203.11
Ho YS, McKay G, Wase DAJ, Foster CF (2000) Study of the sorption of divalent metal ions on to peat. Adsorp Sci Technol 18:639–650
Jabasingh SA, Lalith D, Garre P (2015) Sorption of chromium (VI) from electroplating effluent onto chitin immobilized mucor racemosus sorbent (CIMRS) impregnated in rotating disk contactor blades. J Ind Eng Chem 23:79–92
Jashni E, Hosseini SM (2020) Promoting the electrochemical and separation properties of heterogeneous cation exchange membrane by embedding 8-hydroxyquinoline ligand: chromium ions removal. Sep Purif Technol 234:116118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116118
Kang Sofla MS, Mortazavi S, Seyfi J (2020) Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan blends plasticized and compatibilized by glycerol/polyethylene glycol. Carbohydr Poly 232:115784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115784
Kavitha D, Namasivayam C (2007) Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. Bioresour Technol 98:4–21
Lagergren S (1898) Zur Theorie der sogenannten Adsorption gelöster Stoffe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 24:1–39
Langmuir I (1916) The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. J Am Chem Soc 38:2221–2295
Li Z, Li T, An L, Liu H, Gu L, Zhang Z (2016) Preparation of chitosan/polycaprolactam nanofibrous filter paper and its greatly enhanced chromium (VI) adsorption. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 494:65–73
Liu L, Xu Y, Wang K, Li K, Xu L, Wange J, Wang J (2019) Fabrication of a novel conductive ultrafiltration membrane and its application for electrochemical removal of hexavalent chromium. J Membrane Sci 584:191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.018
Liu Q, Yang B, Zhang L, Huang R (2015) Adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by cross-linked chitosan/bentonite composite. Korean J Chem Eng 32:314–1322
Lu X, Li M, Deng H, Lin P, Matsumoto MR, Liu X (2016) Application of electrochemical depassivation in PRB systems to recover Fe reactivity. Front Environ Sci Eng 10(4):04
McKay G (1983) The adsorption of dyestuff from aqueous solution using activated carbon: analytical solution for batch adsorption based on external mass transfer and pore diffusion. Chem Eng J 27:187–196
Meriç S, De Nicola E, Iaccarino M, Gallo M, Di Gennaro A, Morrone G (2005) Toxicity of leather tanning wastewater effluents in sea urchin early development and in marine microalgae. Chemosphere 61:208–217
Milewski A, Lezzaik K, Rotz R (2020) Sensitivity analysis of the groundwater risk index in the Middle East and North Africa region. Environ Process 7:53–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-019-00421-7
Mobarak M, Mohamed EA, Selim AQ, Sellaoui L, Lamine AB, Erto A, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Seliem MK (2019) Surfactant –modified serpentine for fluoride and Cr(VI) adsorption in single and binary systems: experimental studies and theoretical modeling. Chem Eng J 369:333–343
Mohtashami R, Shang JQ (2019) Electroflotation for treatment of industrial wastewaters: a focused review. Environ Process 6:325–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-019-00348-z
Ogata F, Nagai N, Itami R, Nakamura T, Kawasaki N (2020) Potential of virgin and calcined wheat bran biomass for the removal of chromium (VI) ion from a synthetic aqueous solution. J Environ Chem Eng 8(2):103710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103710
Ozturk S, Kaya T, Aslim B, Tan S (2012) Removal and reduction of chromium by Pseudomonas spp. and their correlation to rhamnolipid production. J Hazard Mater 231-232:64–69
Pakzadeh B, Batista JR (2011) Chromium removal from ion-exchange waste brines with calcium polysulfide. Water Res 45:3055–3064
Pan C, Qian J, Zhao C, Yang H, Zhao X, Guo H (2020) Study on the relationship between crosslinking degree and properties of TPP crosslinked chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 241:116349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116349
Panda H, Tiadi N, Mohanty M, Mohanty CR (2017) Studies on adsorption behavior of an industrial waste for removal of chromium from aqueous solution. South Afr J Chem Eng 23:132–138
Rajeev KK, Kim E, Nam J, Lee S, Mun J, Kim T-H (2020) Chitosan-grafted polyaniline copolymer as an electrically conductive and mechanically stable binder for high performance Si anodes in Li-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 333:135532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135532
Sakti SCW, Narita Y, Sasaki T, Tanaka NS (2015) A novel pyridinium functionalized magnetic chitosan with pH-independent and rapid adsorption kinetics for magnetic separation of Cr(VI). J Environ Eng 3:1953–1961
Sharma G, Kumar A, Naushad M, Pathania D, Sillanpa M (2016) Polyacrylamide Zr(IV) vanadophosphate nanocomposite: ion exchange properties, antibacterial activity, and photocatalytic behavior. J Ind Eng Chem 33:201–208
Son EB, Poo KM, Mohamed HO, Choi YJ, Cho WC, Chae KJ (2018) A novel approach to developing a reusable marine macro-algae adsorbent with chitosan and ferric oxide for simultaneous efficient heavy metal removal and easy magnetic separation. Bioresour Technol 259:381–387
Srinivasan K, Balasubramanian N, Ramakrishan TV (1988) Studies on chromium removal by rice husk carbon. Ind J Environ Heal 30:376
Tahira I, Aslam Z, Abbas A, Monim-ul-Mehboob M, Ali S, Asghar A (2019) Adsorptive removal of acidic dye onto grafted chitosan: a plausible grafting and adsorption mechanism. Inter J Biological Macromol 136:1209–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.173
Tempkin MJ, Pyzhev V (1940) Acta Physiochim URSS 12:217–222
Travlou NA, Kyzas GZ, Lazaridis NK, Deliyanni EA (2013) Functionalization of graphite oxide with magnetic chitosan for the preparation of a nanocomposite dye adsorbent. Langmuir 29:1657–1668
Vaiopoulou E, Gikas P (2020) Regulations for chromium emissions to the aquatic environment in Europe and elsewhere. Chemosphere 254:126876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126876
Vakili M, Deng S, Li T, Wang W, Wang W, Yu G (2018) Novel cross linked chitosan for enhanced adsorption of hexavalent chromium in acidic solution. Chem Eng J 347:782–790
Vasudevan S, Lakshmi J, Vanathi R (2010) Electrochemical coagulation for chromium removal: process optimization, kinetics, isotherms and sludge characterization. Clean 38:9–16
Wang J, Liu M, Duan C, Sun J, Xu Y (2019) Preparation and characterization of cellulose-based adsorbent and its application in heavy metal ions removal. Carbohydr Polym 206:837–843
Wang Q, Zhou C, Kuang Y-j, Z-h J, Yang M (2020) Removal of hexavalent chromium in aquatic solutions by pomelo peel. Water Sci Eng 13(1):65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2019.12.011
Weber WJ, Morris JC (1963) Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. J Sanity Eng Div Am Soc Civil Eng 89:31
Wu Y, Fan Y, Zhang M, Ming Z, Yang S, Arkin A, Fang P (2016) Functionalized agricultural biomass as a low-cost adsorbent: utilization of rice straw incorporated with amine groups for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) from single and binary systems. Biochem Eng J 105:27–35
Yang D, Li L, Chen B, Shi S, Nie J, Ma G (2019) Functionalized chitosan electrospun nanofiber membranes for heavy-metal removal. Polym 163:74–85
Zargham Z, Akbari A, Latifi AM, Amani MA (2016) Design of a new integrated chitosan-PAMAM dendrimer biosorbent for heavy metals removing and study of its adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. Bioresour Technol 205:230–238
Zhang Y, Xu L, Zhao L, Peng J, Li C, Li J, Zhai M (2012) Radiation synthesis and Cr(VI) removal of cellulose microsphere adsorbent. Carbohydr Polym 88:931–938
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ismael, M.N.M., El Nemr, A., El Ashry, E.S.H. et al. Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Cross-Linking Chitosan and N,N’-Methylene Bis-Acrylamide. Environ. Process. 7, 911–930 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-020-00447-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-020-00447-2