Abstract
In this study, a superhydrophobic nickel surface that is highly robust against repetitive rubbing is presented. We implanted carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to protect the surfaces from contacts. We show that the CNTs implanted in nickel do not easily detach from the surface and maintain superhydrophobicity despite harsh rubbing (40 kPa, 600 cycles) by 800 grit sandpaper; by contrast, surfaces prepared by typical nanofabrication methods are visibly damaged and lose superhydrophobicity after such treatment. The CNT-implanted nickel surfaces developed in this study are the most robust among nanostructured surfaces reported up to date.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chattopadhyay, S., Huang, Y. F., Jen, Y. J., Ganguly, A., Chen, K. H., & Chen, L. C. (2010). Anti-reflecting and photonic nanostructures. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 69(1–3), 1–35.
Senanayake, P., Lin, A., Mariani, G., Shapiro, J., Tu, C., Scofield, A. C., & Huffaker, D. L. (2010). Photoconductive gain in patterned nanopillar photodetector arrays. Applied Physics Letters, 97(20), 203108.
Hong, S. H., Bae, B. J., Lee, H., & Jeong, J. H. (2010). Fabrication of high density nano-pillar type phase change memory devices using flexible AAO shaped template. Microelectronic Engineering, 87(11), 2081–2084.
Chen, H., Xue, Q., Yan, K., Xie, J., Zhou, X., & Li, J. (2009). Ethanol gas sensitivity of carbon nanotip arrays/n-Si heterojunctions at room temperature. Journal of Applied Physics, 106(5), 053718.
Lo, H. C., Hsiung, H. I., Chattopadhyay, S., Han, H. C., Chen, C. F., Leu, J. P., & Chen, L. C. (2011). Label free sub-picomole level DNA detection with Ag nanoparticle decorated Au nanotip arrays as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy platform. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26(5), 2413–2418.
Zhu, H. Y., Lan, Y., Gao, X. P., Ringer, S. P., Zheng, Z. F., Song, D. Y., & Zhao, J. C. (2005). Phase transition between nanostructures of titanate and titanium dioxides via simple wet-chemical reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(18), 6730–6736.
Kolmakov, A., & Moskovits, M. (2004). Chemical sensing and catalysis by one-dimensional metal-oxide nanostructures. Annual Review of Materials Research, 34, 151–180.
Arico, A. S., Bruce, P., Scrosati, B., Tarascon, J. M., & Van Schalkwijk, W. (2011). Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices. In Materials for Sustainable Energy: A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research And Review Articles From Nature Publishing Group (pp. 148–159). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814317665_0022.
Kamat, P. V. (2007). Meeting the clean energy demand: Nanostructure architectures for solar energy conversion. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(7), 2834–2860.
Frackowiak, E., & Beguin, F. (2002). Electrochemical storage of energy in carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbons. Carbon, 40(10), 1775–1787.
Xia, F., & Jiang, L. (2008). Bio-inspired, smart, multiscale interfacial materials. Advanced materials, 20(15), 2842–2858.
Sanchez, C., Arribart, H., & Guille, M. M. G. (2005). Biomimetism and bioinspiration as tools for the design of innovative materials and systems. Nature materials, 4(4), 277–288.
Gao, X., & Jiang, L. (2004). Water-repellent legs of water striders. Nature, 432(7013), 36–36.
Blossey, R. (2003). Self-cleaning surfaces—virtual realities. Nature materials, 2(5), 301–306.
Zhu, J., Hsu, C. M., Yu, Z., Fan, S., & Cui, Y. (2010). Nanodome solar cells with efficient light management and self-cleaning. Nano Letters, 10(6), 1979–1984.
Park, Y. B., Im, H., Im, M., & Choi, Y. K. (2011). Self-cleaning effect of highly water-repellent microshell structures for solar cell applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(3), 633–636.
Ji, H., Chen, G., Yang, J., Hu, J., Song, H., & Zhao, Y. (2013). A simple approach to fabricate stable superhydrophobic glass surfaces. Applied Surface Science, 266, 105–109.
Zari, M. P. (2007). Biomimetic approaches to architectural design for increased sustainability. In: The SB07 NZ sustainable building conference. p. 1–10.
Xiu, Y., Liu, Y., Hess, D. W., & Wong, C. P. (2010). Mechanically robust superhydrophobicity on hierarchically structured Si surfaces. Nanotechnology, 21(15), 155705.
Yanagisawa, T., Nakajima, A., Sakai, M., Kameshima, Y., & Okada, K. (2009). Preparation and abrasion resistance of transparent super-hydrophobic coating by combining crater-like silica films with acicular boehmite powder. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 161(1–3), 36–39.
Zimmermann, J., Reifler, F. A., Fortunato, G., Gerhardt, L. C., & Seeger, S. (2008). A simple, one-step approach to durable and robust superhydrophobic textiles. Advanced Functional Materials, 18(22), 3662–3669.
Bayer, I. S., Brown, A., Steele, A., & Loth, E. (2009). Transforming anaerobic adhesives into highly durable and abrasion resistant superhydrophobic organoclay nanocomposite films: A new hybrid spray adhesive for tough superhydrophobicity. Applied Physics Express, 2(12), 125003.
Li, Y., Li, L., & Sun, J. (2010). Bioinspired self-healing superhydrophobic coatings. AngewandteChemie International Edition, 49(35), 6129–6133.
Zhu, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, J., Xu, X., Men, X., & Zhou, X. (2012). Facile fabrication of a superhydrophobic fabric with mechanical stability and easy-repairability. Journal of colloid and interface science, 380(1), 182–186.
Su, F., & Yao, K. (2014). Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic surface with excellent mechanical abrasion and corrosion resistance on copper substrate by a novel method. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 6(11), 8762–8770.
Groten, J., & Rühe, J. (2013). Surfaces with combined microscale and nanoscale structures: A route to mechanically stable superhydrophobic surfaces? Langmuir, 29(11), 3765–3772.
Xue, C. H., & Ma, J. Z. (2013). Long-lived superhydrophobic surfaces. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 1(13), 4146–4161.
Xu, Q. F., Mondal, B., & Lyons, A. M. (2011). Fabricating superhydrophobic polymer surfaces with excellent abrasion resistance by a simple lamination templating method. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 3(9), 3508–3514.
Wang, F. J., Lei, S., Ou, J. F., Xue, M. S., & Li, W. (2013). Superhydrophobic surfaces with excellent mechanical durability and easy repairability. Applied Surface Science, 276, 397–400.
Tang, X., Wang, T., Yu, F., Zhang, X., Zhu, Q., Pang, L., & Pei, M. (2013). Simple, robust and large-scale fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces based on silica/polymer composites. RSC Advances, 3(48), 25670–25673.
Huovinen, E., Hirvi, J., Suvanto, M., & Pakkanen, T. A. (2012). Micro–micro hierarchy replacing micro–nano hierarchy: A precisely controlled way to produce wear-resistant superhydrophobic polymer surfaces. Langmuir, 28(41), 14747–14755.
Verho, T., Bower, C., Andrew, P., Franssila, S., Ikkala, O., & Ras, R. H. (2011). Mechanically durable superhydrophobic surfaces. Advanced Materials, 23(5), 673–678.
Choi, S. J., & Huh, S. Y. (2010). Direct structuring of a biomimetic anti-reflective, self-cleaning surface for light harvesting in organic solar cells. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 31(6), 539–544.
Boinovich, L. B., Domantovskiy, A. G., Emelyanenko, A. M., Pashinin, A. S., Ionin, A. A., Kudryashov, S. I., & Saltuganov, P. N. (2014). Femtosecond laser treatment for the design of electro-insulating superhydrophobic coatings with enhanced wear resistance on glass. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6(3), 2080–2085.
Cho, H., Kim, D., Lee, C., & Hwang, W. (2013). A simple fabrication method for mechanically robust superhydrophobic surface by hierarchical aluminum hydroxide structures. Current Applied Physics, 13(4), 762–767.
Xiu, Y., Liu, Y., Balu, B., Hess, D. W., & Wong, C. (2012). Robust superhydrophobic surfaces prepared with epoxy resin and silica nanoparticles. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 2(3), 395–401.
Huovinen, E., Takkunen, L., Korpela, T., Suvanto, M., Pakkanen, T. T., & Pakkanen, T. A. (2014). Mechanically robust superhydrophobic polymer surfaces based on protective micropillars. Langmuir, 30(5), 1435–1443.
Jokinen, V., Suvanto, P., Garapaty, A. R., Lyytinen, J., Koskinen, J., & Franssila, S. (2013). Durable superhydrophobicity in embossed CYTOP fluoropolymer micro and nanostructures. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 434, 207–212.
Dai, S., Zhang, D., Shi, Q., Han, X., Wang, S., & Du, Z. (2013). Biomimetic fabrication and tunable wetting properties of three-dimensional hierarchical ZnO structures by combining soft lithography templated with lotus leaf and hydrothermal treatments. CrystEngComm, 15(27), 5417–5424.
Cha, T. G., Yi, J. W., Moon, M. W., Lee, K. R., & Kim, H. Y. (2010). Nanoscale patterning of microtextured surfaces to control superhydrophobic robustness. Langmuir, 26(11), 8319–8326.
Fujii, T., Aoki, Y., & Habazaki, H. (2011). Fabrication of super-oil-repellent dual pillar surfaces with optimized pillar intervals. Langmuir, 27(19), 11752–11756.
Kim, D. H., Kim, Y., Hwang, S. H., Bang, Y. S., Cho, C. R., Kim, Y. K., & Kim, J. M. (2011). Experimental and theoretical evaluation of wettability on micro/nano hierarchically engineered surfaces based on robust micro-post-arrayed-and highly ordered nano-rippled-structures. Applied Surface Science, 257(21), 8985–8992.
Ko, H., Zhang, Z., Takei, K., & Javey, A. (2010). Hierarchical polymer micropillar arrays decorated with ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology, 21(29), 295305.
Si-Si, L., Chao-Hui, Z., Han-Bing, Z., Jie, Z., Jian-Guo, H., & Heng-Yang, Y. (2013). Fabrication of pillar-array superhydrophobic silicon surface and thermodynamic analysis on the wetting state transition. Chinese Physics B, 22(10), 106801.
Jung, Y. C., & Bhushan, B. (2009). Mechanically durable carbon nanotube−composite hierarchical structures with superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, and low-drag. ACS Nano, 3(12), 4155–4163.
Guo, F., Su, X., Hou, G., & Li, P. (2012). Bioinspired fabrication of stable and robust superhydrophobic steel surface with hierarchical flowerlike structure. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 401, 61–67.
Meng, K., Jiang, Y., Jiang, Z., Lian, J., & Jiang, Q. (2014). Impact dynamics of water droplets on Cu films with three-level hierarchical structures. Journal of Materials Science, 49(9), 3379–3390.
She, Z., Li, Q., Wang, Z., Li, L., Chen, F., & Zhou, J. (2013). Researching the fabrication of anticorrosion superhydrophobic surface on magnesium alloy and its mechanical stability and durability. Chemical Engineering Journal, 228, 415–424.
Psarski, M., Celichowski, G., Marczak, J., Gumowski, K., & Sobieraj, G. B. (2013). Superhydrophobic dual-sized filler epoxy composite coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 225, 66–74.
Manna, U., & Lynn, D. M. (2013). Restoration of superhydrophobicity in crushed polymer films by treatment with water: Self-healing and recovery of damaged topographic features aided by an unlikely source. Advanced Materials, 25(36), 5104–5108.
Ogihara, H., Okagaki, J., & Saji, T. (2011). Facile fabrication of colored superhydrophobic coatings by spraying a pigment nanoparticle suspension. Langmuir, 27(15), 9069–9072.
Li, J., Jing, Z., Zha, F., Yang, Y., Wang, Q., & Lei, Z. (2014). Facile spray-coating process for the fabrication of tunable adhesive superhydrophobic surfaces with heterogeneous chemical compositions used for selective transportation of microdroplets with different volumes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6(11), 8868–8877.
Yuan, Z., Xiao, J., Zeng, J., Wang, C., Liu, J., Xing, S., & Chen, H. (2010). Facile method to prepare a novel honeycomb-like superhydrophobic Polydimethylsiloxan surface. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(7), 1947–1952.
Jung, K., Jung, Y., Choi, C., Park, B., Kim, S., & Ko, J. (2017). Durable super-hydrophobic nickel surfaces with a high rubbing resistance and their application in triboelectric nanogenerators. In 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) (pp. 716–719).
Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Shi, L., Li, J., & Guo, Z. (2012). Recent progress of double-structural and functional materials with special wettability. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(3), 799–815.
Feng, L., Li, S., Li, Y., Li, H., Zhang, L., Zhai, J., & Zhu, D. (2002). Super-hydrophobic surfaces: from natural to artificial. Advanced materials, 14(24), 1857–1860.
Bhushan, B., & Her, E. K. (2010). Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces with high and low adhesion inspired from rose petal. Langmuir, 26(11), 8207–8217.
Feng, L., Zhang, Y., Xi, J., Zhu, Y., Wang, N., Xia, F., & Jiang, L. (2008). Petal effect: a superhydrophobic state with high adhesive force. Langmuir, 24(8), 4114–4119.
Cassie, A. B. D., & Baxter, S. (1944). Wettability of porous surfaces. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 40, 546–551.
Lee, J. M., Lee, S. H., & Ko, J. S. (2015). Dynamic lateral adhesion force of water droplets on microstructured hydrophobic surfaces. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 213, 360–367.
Cho, D. J., Kim, S. E., Seo, E., Lee, M. C., Lee, J. M., & Ko, J. S. (2013). Underwater micro gas detector. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 188, 347–353.
Barthlott, W., & Neinhuis, C. (1997). Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta, 202(1), 1–8.
Bhushan, B. (2011). Biomimetics inspired surfaces for drag reduction and oleophobicity/philicity. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2(1), 66–84.
Burton, Z., & Bhushan, B. (2005). Hydrophobicity, adhesion, and friction properties of nanopatterned polymers and scale dependence for micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems. Nano Letters, 5(8), 1607–1613.
Srinivasan, S., Praveen, V. K., Philip, R., & Ajayaghosh, A. (2008). Bioinspired superhydrophobic coatings of carbon nanotubes and linear π systems based on the “bottom-up” self-assembly approach. AngewandteChemie International Edition, 47(31), 5750–5754.
Ulman, A. (1996). Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers. Chemical Reviews, 96(4), 1533–1554.
Spitalsky, Z., Tasis, D., Papagelis, K., & Galiotis, C. (2010). Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties. Progress in Polymer Science, 35(3), 357–401.
Wenzel, R. N. (1936). Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 28(8), 988–994.
Kim, Y. W., Lee, J. M., Lee, I., Lee, S. H., & Ko, J. S. (2013). Skin friction reduction in tubes with hydrophobically structured surfaces. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 14(2), 299–306.
Choi, C. H., Ulmanella, U., Kim, J., Ho, C. M., & Kim, C. J. (2006). Effective slip and friction reduction in nanograted superhydrophobic microchannels. Physics of Fluids, 18(8), 087105.
Choi, C. H., & Kim, C. J. (2006). Large slip of aqueous liquid flow over a nanoengineered superhydrophobic surface. Physical Review Letters, 96(6), 066001.
Truesdell, R., Mammoli, A., Vorobieff, P., van Swol, F., & Brinker, C. J. (2006). Drag reduction on a patterned superhydrophobic surface. Physical Review Letters, 97(4), 044504.
Joseph, P., Cottin-Bizonne, C., Benoit, J. M., Ybert, C., Journet, C., Tabeling, P., & Bocquet, L. (2006). Slippage of water past superhydrophobic carbon nanotube forests in microchannels. Physical Review Letters, 97(15), 156104.
Barthwal, S., Kim, Y. S., & Lim, S. H. (2012). Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic copper plate fabrication using alkaline solution assisted surface oxidation methods. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 13(8), 1311–1315.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Mid-career Researcher Program (NRF-2019R1A2C2011437).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jung, K.K., Jung, Y., Park, BG. et al. Super Wear Resistant Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Surface. Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech. 9, 1177–1189 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00325-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00325-8