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Intermittent Fasting, Insufficient Sleep, and Circadian Rhythm: Interaction and Effects on the Cardiometabolic System

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Sleep, circadian rhythms, and fasting/feeding are important factors that affect cardiometabolic function. Here, we review recent studies that assessed the role of intermittent fasting, short sleep duration, and circadian rhythm disruption, as well as their interactions, on the risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction.

Recent Findings

The cardiometabolic system is sensitive to sleep, circadian rhythms, and fasting/feeding patterns. Recent data show that these factors may influence each other and hence, directly or indirectly affect cardiometabolic risk. Fasting/feeding schedules and mealtimes may cause misalignment of the circadian system resulting in several cardiometabolic disturbances. Recent data reveal that intermittent fasting (IF) improves several cardiometabolic indicators in both laboratory animals and humans maintained on IF diets during alternate day fasting, diurnal IF, or time-restricted feeding. However, most of the human studies recruited a modest number of participants and did not control for several confounding factors that may have affected the measurement of cardiometabolic parameters, such as sleep duration and timing, energy expenditure, and light exposure.

Summary

Current evidence shows that IF, sleep, and circadian rhythms can affect cardiometabolic risk both individually or collectively. IF, adequate sleep, and matching mealtimes with the circadian clock improve several cardiometabolic parameters. More extensive human studies that assess the interaction between the three factors in the general population are needed to complement the currently available short-term laboratory-based human studies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research and RSSU at King Saud University for their technical support.

Funding

This work was supported by the Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MED511-02-08).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Aljohara S. Almeneessier

  2. The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Box 225503, Riyadh, 11324, Saudi Arabia

    Aljohara S. Almeneessier & Ahmed S. BaHammam

  3. Somnogen Canada Inc., Toronto, Canada

    Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal

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  1. Aljohara S. Almeneessier
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Correspondence to Ahmed S. BaHammam.

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Aljohara S. Almeneessier declares no conflicts of interest.

Ahmed S. BaHammam declares no conflicts of interest.

Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal declares no conflict of interest. Pandi-Perumal is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Somnogen Canada Inc. Pandi-Perumal has edited several academic volumes for which he will receive annual royalties.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Heart Disease and Sleep Disturbances

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Almeneessier, A.S., Pandi-Perumal, S.R. & BaHammam, A.S. Intermittent Fasting, Insufficient Sleep, and Circadian Rhythm: Interaction and Effects on the Cardiometabolic System. Curr Sleep Medicine Rep 4, 179–195 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-018-0124-5

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