Abstract
Tales reflecting homosexual relationships between foxes and humans had appeared as early as the Ming Dynasty. With both the increase in prevalence in society and fictional representation of homosexuality during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the stories of male–male sex between foxes and humans became increasingly popular, demonstrating the popular attitudes toward homosexuality among the Qing literati. In this paper, I analyze late imperial Chinese homosexuality as portrayed in Ji Yun’s zhiguai collection “Tales of the Thatched Cottage” (Yuewei Caotang Biji). Zhiguai, or strange tales in English, is a genre of writing featuring ghosts, magical animal–human shapeshiftings, dreams that intervene in reality, and other supernatural characters and events. These tales are set against a background of strict Confucian orthodoxy and Buddhist beliefs in sexual activity (whether heterosexual or homosexual) as a manifestation of human greed, in a society where everything had its place, in which the boundaries of sexuality were rigidly controlled. I examine what foxes reveal about homosexuality in these tales as they cross the boundary between moral and immoral, healthy and destructive. I argue that the fox’s homosexual punishment of humanity has two motives: (1) disciplining sexual lasciviousness and (2) karmic retribution for misdeeds in a former life. In these instances, the fox’s ensuing erotic deviancy serves as the vehicle for cautionary tales that demonstrate homosexuality to be a taboo as it punishes greedy desires (sexual or otherwise).
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Notes
The yin yang theory changed over time from a metaphysical grounding in the “The Way and Its Power” (Daodejing), which had initially perceived humans and nature to be interrelated in the universe wanwu, to one that subordinated one term to the other after having first been integrated into Confucianism through the founder of imperial Confucianism Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BCE). Serving as a political concept that located a power hierarchy for differential subject positions, “femininity” and “masculinity” were not defined as issuing from sexed bodies, but as metaphysical qualities that placed sexed bodies in a natural hierarchical system (Song 2004).
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Whyke, T.W. Male Homosexuality and Foxes in Ji Yun’s Zhiguai Collection Tales of the Thatched Cottage. Fudan J. Hum. Soc. Sci. 13, 357–374 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-019-00276-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-019-00276-0