Abstract
This paper analyses the association between participating in health insurance and improvements in the well-being status of co-operative members. It is expected that individuals, co-operative members, in particular, participate in health insurance schemes with expectations of changing and improving various dimensions of well-being. The analyses using partial least squire structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) revealed that participation in health insurance significantly positively impacts change in the well-being status of co-operative members. Further, confirming the Theory of Dispositional Optimism co-operative members’ expectations mediate the relationship between participation in health insurance and changes in their well-being status. The study also found that expectations levels positively moderate the relationship between health insurance participation and changes in co-operative members’ well-being status. These findings imply that co-operative members with higher positive expectations out of health insurance participation are in an advantageous position to make and allow positive decisions that positively impact their well-being.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and/or code availability
Data will be available upon request to the authors.
References
African Union Commission (2015) Agenda 2063. Background note (Agenda 2063 Document No. 01). https://agenda2063.au.int/en/sites/default/files/01%20Agenda%202063_Background_Note_s.pdf
Armor D, Taylor S (1998) Situated optimism: specific outcome expectancies and self regulation. In: Kaniel R, Massey C, Robinson DT (eds) Advances in experimental social psychology. Optimism without illusion: the impact of experience on expectations
Ashoke M (2021) Does covid-19 pandemic accelerate the growth of health insurance segment? A study in respect of Indian health insurance. Manag Account 56(2):55
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2021) Understanding welfare and well-being. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/understanding-welfare-and-wellbeing
Bamanyisa JM (2019) The role of co-operatives in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing sinks through land use, land-use change and forestry in Tanzania. Doctoral thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture
Batty M, Gibbs C, Ippolito B (2022) Health insurance, medical debt, and financial well-being. Health Econ 31(5):689–728
Ben Ze’ev A (2000) The subtlety of emotions. MIT Press, USA
Berry D, Bell MP (2018) Worker co-operatives: alternative governance for caring and precarious work. Equal, Divers Incl 37(4):376–391
Borda-Rodriguez A, Johnson H (2020) Inclusive development and co-operatives. Eur J Dev Res 32(4):976–997
Boudreaux MH, Golberstein E, McAlpine DD (2016) The long-term impacts of Medicaid exposure in early childhood: evidence from the program’s origin. J Health Econ 45:161–175
Bovbjerg RR, Hadley J (2007) Why health insurance is important. Report no. DC-SPG no. 1. Health policy briefs, vol. 11, p 3. The Urban Institute, Washington
Cardullo G, Conti M, Ricci A, Scicchitano S, Sulis G (2021) On the emergence of co-operative industrial and labor relations. Inapp working paper no. 78, Roma, Inapp
Cenfetelli RT, Bassellier G (2009) Interpretation of formative measurement in information systems research. MIS Q 33:689–708
Chambers JR, Windschitl PD (2004) Biases in social comparative judgments: the role of nonmotivated factors in above-average and comparative-optimism effects. Psychol Bull 130:813–838
Chin WW (1998) The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In: Marcoulides GA (ed) Modern methods for business research. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 295–358
Cohodes SR, Grossman DS, Kleiner SA, Lovenheim MF (2016) The effect of child health insurance access on schooling: evidence from public insurance expansions. J Hum Resour 51:727–759
Consejero FM, Janoschka M (2022) Transforming urban democracy through social movements: the experience of Ahora Madrid. Soc Mov Stud 22(3):343–360
Cuong NV (2013) The impact of social security on household welfare: evidence from a transition country. Eur J Dev Res 25(5):737–757
de Meza D, Dawson C (2021) Neither an optimist nor a pessimist be: mistaken expectations lower well-being. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 47(4):540–550
Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL (1999) Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychol Bull 125(2):276–302
DiPietro B, Klingenmaier L (2013) Achieving public health goals through Medicaid expansion: opportunities in criminal justice, homelessness, and behavioral health with the patient protection and affordable care act. Am J Public Health 103(S2):e25–e29
Ellery J, Ellery PJ (2022) Beyond services and prescriptions: reimagining healthy lifestyle centers as co-operative enterprises. Am J Lifestyle Med 16(1):46–50
Gaudette É, Pauley GC, Zissimopoulos JM (2018) Lifetime consequences of early-life and midlife access to health insurance: a review. Med Care Res Rev 75(6):655–720
Hair JFJ, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M (2011) PLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet. J Mark Theory Pract 19(2):139–152
Hair JFJ, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M (2017) A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks
ILO (2017) Social protection for older women and men. Fighting poverty through pension systems. In: World social protection report 2017–19: universal social protection to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. ILO, Geneva
ILO (2021) World social protection report 2020–22: social protection at the crossroads—in pursuit of a better future. ILO, Geneva
Jaramillo ET, Willging CE (2021) Producing insecurity: Healthcare access, health insurance, and well-being among American Indian elders. Soc Sci Med 268:113384
Kaswan MJ (2021) Co-operatives and the question of democracy. J Soc Econ Common Welf 44(4):486–500
Kennelly JJ, Odekon M (2016) Worker co-operatives in the United States. Redux Work USA 19(2):163–185
Kim S, Koh K (2022) Health insurance and subjective well-being: evidence from two healthcare reforms in the United States. Health Econ (UK) 31(1):233–249
Kipo-Sunyehzi DD (2020) Global social welfare and social policy debates: Ghana’s health insurance scheme promotion of the well-being of vulnerable groups. J Soc Serv Res 47(1):73–87
Krizan Z, Windschitl PD (2007) The influence of outcome desirability on optimism. Psychol Bull 133(1):95–121
Lee K, Murphy ER, Cassidy J, Chen Z, Rhee TG (2020) Impacts of health insurance on older adults with histories of homelessness. J Soc Distress Homelessness 31(1):1–10
Levy BR, Leifheit-Limson E (2009) The stereotype-matching effect: greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychol Aging 24(1):230–233
Liu K, Wu Q, Liu J (2014) Examining the association between social health insurance participation and patients’ out-of-pocket payments in China: the role of institutional arrangement. Soc Sci Med 113:95–103
Liu C, Chen H, Liu CY, Lin RT, Chiou WK (2020) Co-operative and individual mandala drawing have different effects on mindfulness, spirituality, and subjective well-being. Front Psychol 11:564430
Liu H, Chen Y, Ma L (2021) Effect of time-varying exposure to air pollution on subjective well-being. J Clean Prod 281:125364
Liu G, Qiao D, Liu Y, Fu X (2022) Does service utilisation improve members’ welfare? Evidence from citrus co-operatives in China. Sustainability 14(11):6755
Lu H, Nie P, Sousa-Poza A (2021) The effect of parental educational expectations on adolescent subjective well-being and the moderating role of perceived academic pressure: longitudinal evidence for china. Child Ind Res 14:117–137
Ma X (2022a) Public medical insurances and subjective well-being in rural China. In: Public medical insurance reforms in China. Springer, Singapore, pp 217–240
Ma X (2022b) Medical insurance and out-of-pocket expenses on medical care. In: Public medical insurance reforms in China. Springer, Singapore, pp161–192
Manchanda N, Rahut DB (2021) Inpatient healthcare financing strategies: evidence from India. Eur J Dev Res 33(6):1729–1767
Marelich WD, Piercy B (2020) Optimism/pessimism carver and scheier theory. In: The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Wiley, pp 299–303
Mladovsky P (2014) Why do people drop out of community-based health insurance? Findings from an exploratory household survey in Senegal. Soc Sci Med 107:78–88
OECD (2015) How’s life? 2015: measuring well-being. OECD Publishing, Paris
OECD (2021) Measuring well-being and progress: well-being research. OECD Publishing, Paris
Peterson C (2006) A primer in positive psychology. Oxford University Press, New York
Pouw N, Bender K (2022) The poverty reduction effect of social protection: the pros and cons of a multidisciplinary approach. Eur J Dev Res 34:2204–2223
Radcliffe N, Klein W (2002) Dispositional, unrealistic, and comparative optimism: differential relations with the knowledge and processing of risk information and beliefs about personal risk. In: Kaniel R, Massey C, Robinson DT (eds) Optimism without illusion: the impact of experience on expectations
Rahman T, Gasbarro D, Alam K (2022) Financial risk protection from out-of-pocket health spending in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the literature. Health Res Policy Sys 20(83):1–23
Rasmussen HN, Scheier MF, Greenhouse JB (2009) Optimism and physical health: a meta-analytic review. Ann Behav Med 37(3):239–256
Rifkin SB (1986) Lessons from community participation in health programmes. Health Policy Plan 1(3):240–249
Ringle CM, Wende S, Becker JM (2015) SmartPLS. SmartPLS GmbH, Boenningstedt
Rosmimah MR, Raja Maimon RY, Rahimah AS, Hasrin AS (2011) Co-operativesIndicator of organizational integrity. Malays J Cooper Stud 7(1):1–14
Saloner B (2013) Does expanding public insurance prevent material hardship for families with children? Med Care Res Rev 70:267–286
Sarker AR, Sultana M, Mahumud RA (2016) Co-operative societies: a sustainable platform for promoting universal health coverage in Bangladesh. BMJ Glob Health 1:e000052
Scheier MF, Carver CS (1985) Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of general outcome expectancies. Health Psychol 4:219–247
Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW (1994) Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol 67:1063–1078
Schneider SL (2001) In search of realistic optimism. Meaning, knowledge, and warm fuzziness. Am Psychol 56(3):250–263
Söllner M, Dürnberger M, Keller J, Florack A (2022) The impact of age stereotypes on well-being: strategies of selection, optimisation, and compensation as mediator and regulatory focus as moderator: findings from a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study. J Happiness Stud 23(2):635–665
Sommers BD, Gawande AA, Baicker K (2017a) Health insurance coverage and health—what the recent evidence tells us. N Engl J Med 377(6):586–593
Sommers BD, Maylone B, Blendon RJ, Orav EJ, Epstein AM (2017b) Three-year impacts of the affordable care act: improved medical care and health among low-income adults. Health Aff (proj Hope) 36(6):1119–1128
Stosny S (2011) Anger in the age of entitlement: self-regulation. Psychol Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/anger-in-the-age-entitlement/201110/self-regulation
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. In Robins, R. W., and Beer, J. S. 2001. Positive Illusions about the Self: Short-Term Benefits and Long-Term Costs. J Pers Soc Psychol 80(2):340–352
Tiger L (1979) Optimism: the biology of hope. Simon and Schuster, New York
Tsolmon U, Ariely D (2022) Health insurance benefits as a labor market friction: evidence from a quasi-experiment. Strateg Manag J 43(8):1556–1574
United Nations (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 21 October. A/RES/70/1. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. https://www.twentythirty.com/sustainable/development
URT (2001) The community health fund act, 2001. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam
URT (2003) The national social security policy. Ministry of labour youth development and sports, Dar es Salaam
van Rijn J (2022) The co-operative identity at U.S. credit unions. J Co-Oper Org Manag 10(1):100152
Viechtbauer W, Smits L, Kotz D, Budé L, Spigt M, Serroyen J, Crutzen R (2015) A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. J Clin Epidemiol 68(11):1375–1379
Wang HH (2010) A theoretical analysis for Chinese new rural co-operative medical system. In: Investing in human capital for economic development in China. World Scientific Publishing Co, pp 201–214
Wang Q, Wang J, Gao F (2022) Who is more important, parents or children? Economic and environmental factors and health insurance purchase. North Am J Econ Finance 58:101479
Winetrobe H, Rice E, Rhoades H, Milburn N (2016) Health insurance coverage and healthcare utilisation among homeless young adults in Venice. CA J Public Health 38(1):147–155
Wu L, Li C, Gao Y (2021) Regional agricultural co-operatives and subjective well-being of rural households in China. Reg Sci Policy Pract 14(S2):138–158
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
PGN conceptualised and wrote this paper under the supervision and guidance of FAN and SMLS.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no competing interest to declare that is relevant to the content of this article.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval for research was obtained from all appropriate authorities.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nzowa, P.G., Nandonde, F.A. & Seimu, S.M.L. Participation in health insurance and changes in the well-being status of co-operative members in Tanzania. Decision 50, 333–347 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-023-00362-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-023-00362-z