Sommario
L’irisina è una miochina secreta dal muscolo scheletrico in seguito ad attività fisica, in grado di favorire il dispendio energetico grazie alla sua capacità di promuovere il browning del tessuto adiposo bianco. I livelli circolanti di irisina sono ridotti nei pazienti affetti da diabete mellito di tipo 2. Di seguito saranno riassunte le numerose evidenze sperimentali riguardanti il possibile coinvolgimento dell’irisina nell’omeostasi del glucosio e i meccanismi molecolari implicati.
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Bibliografia
Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP et al. (2012) A PGC1-\(\alpha\)-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature 481:463–468
Perakakis N, Triantafyllou GA, Fernández-Real JM et al. (2017) Physiology and role of irisin in glucose homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 13:324–337
Zhang Y, Li R, Meng Y et al. (2014) Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK MAP kinase signaling. Diabetes 63:514–525
Xin C, Liu J, Zhang J et al. (2016) Irisin improves fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization in type 2 diabetes by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Int J Obes (Lond) 40:443–451
Liu S, Du F, Li X et al. (2017) Effects and underlying mechanisms of irisin on the proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic \(\beta\) cells. PLoS ONE 12:e0175498
Natalicchio A, Marrano N, Biondi G et al. (2017) The myokine irisin is released in response to saturated fatty acids and promotes pancreatic \(\beta\)-cell survival and insulin secretion. Diabetes 66:2849–2856
Yang M, Chen P, Jin H et al. (2014) Circulating levels of irisin in middle-aged first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus—correlation with pancreatic \(\beta\)-cell function. Diabetol Metab Syndr 6:133
Huh JY, Mougios V, Kabasakalis A et al. (2014) Exercise-induced irisin secretion is independent of age or fitness level and increased irisin may directly modulate muscle metabolism through AMPK activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:2154–2161
Yang Z, Chen X, Chen Y et al. (2015) Decreased irisin secretion contributes to muscle insulin resistance in high-fat diet mice. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8:6490–6497
Liu T, Shi CX, Gao R et al. (2015) Irisin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic mice and hepatocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 129:839–850
Park MJ, Kim DI, Choi JH et al. (2015) New role of irisin in hepatocytes: the protective effect of hepatic steatosis in vitro. Cell Signal 27:1831–1839
So WY, Leung PS (2016) Irisin ameliorates hepatic glucose/lipid metabolism and enhances cell survival in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 78:237–247
Huh JY, Dincer F, Mesfum E et al. (2014) Irisin stimulates muscle growth-related genes and regulates adipocyte differentiation and metabolism in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 38:1538–1544
Xiong XQ, Chen D, Sun HJ et al. (2015) FNDC5 overexpression and irisin ameliorate glucose/lipid metabolic derangements and enhance lipolysis in obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1852:1867–1875
Emami MR, Alipoor E, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ (2017) Irisin—a potential contributor of insulin resistance in kidney failure. Eur J Intern Med 44:e22–e23
Wen MS, Wang CY, Lin SL et al. (2013) Decrease in irisin in patients with chronic kidney disease. PLoS ONE 8:e64025
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Conflitti di interesse
Gli autori Francesco Giorgino, Annalisa Natalicchio e Nicola Marrano sono inventori di un brevetto in fase di approvazione dal titolo: “Pharmacological use of a myokine able to preserve the function and mass of the pancreatic cells under dysmetabolic conditions”. Francesco Giorgino ha ricevuto supporti da Takeda, Eli Lilly e Lifescan, ed è consulente di AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, NovoNordisk, Roche, Sanofi e Takeda.
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Lo studio presentato in questo articolo non ha richiesto sperimentazione umana.
Studi sugli animali
Gli autori di questo articolo non hanno eseguito studi sugli animali.
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Proposto da Riccardo Bonadonna.
