Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sociodemographic profile, health-related behaviours and experiences of healthcare access in Italian transgender and gender diverse adult population

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Information on the general health of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals continues to be lacking. To bridge this gap, the National Institute of Health in Italy together with the National Office against Racial Discriminations, clinical centres, and TGD organizations carried out a cross-sectional study to define the sociodemographic profile, health-related behaviours, and experiences of healthcare access in Italian TGD adult population.

Methods

A national survey was conducted by Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) technique. Collected data were compared within the TGD subgroups and between TGD people and the Italian general population (IGP).

Results

TGD respondents were 959: 65% assigned female at birth (AFAB) and 35% assigned male at birth (AMAB). 91.8% and 8.2% were binary and non-binary TGD respondents, respectively. More than 20% of the TGD population reported to be unemployed with the highest rate detectable in AMAB and non-binary people. Cigarette smoking and binge drinking were higher in the TGD population compared with IGP (p < 0.05), affecting TGD subgroups differently. A significant lower percentage of AFAB TGD people reported having had screening for cervical and breast cancer in comparison with AFAB IGP (p < 0.0001, in both cases). Over 40% was the percentage of AFAB and non-binary TGD people accessing healthcare who felt discriminated against because of their gender identity.

Conclusions

Our results are a first step towards a better understanding of the health needs of TGD people in Italy in order to plan the best policy choices for a more inclusive public health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this publication article and its supplementary information file.

Abbreviations

AFAB:

Assigned female at birth

AMAB:

Assigned male at birth

Cis:

Confidence intervals

GPs:

General practitioners

IGP:

Italian general population

ISS:

Istituto superiore di sanità-National institute of health in Italy

ISTAT:

Istituto nazionale di statistica-National institute of statistics

NB:

Non-binary

PASSI:

Progressi delle aziende sanitarie per la salute in Italia-Italian Behavioural risk factor surveillance system

POR:

Prevalence odds ratio

TGD:

Transgender and gender diverse

UNAR:

Ufficio nazionale antidiscriminazioni razziali-National office against racial discriminations

References

  1. Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP et al (2022) Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8. Int J Transgend Health 23(Suppl 1):S1–S259. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Zhang Q, Goodman M, Adams N et al (2020) Epidemiological considerations in transgender health: a systematic review with focus on higher quality data. Int J Transgend Health 21(2):125–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1753136

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Fisher A, Marconi M, Castellini G et al (2024) Estimate and needs of the transgender adult population in Italy: the spot study. J Endocrinol Invest. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-023-02251-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wiepjes CM, Nota NM, de Blok CJM et al (2018) The amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria study (1972–2015): trends in prevalence, treatment, and regrets. J Sex Med 15(4):582–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Leinung MC, Joseph J (2020) Changing demographics in transgender individuals seeking hormonal therapy: are trans women more common than trans men? Transgend Health 5(4):241–245. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2019.0070

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Reisner SL, Poteat T, Keatley J et al (2016) Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: a review. Lancet 388(10042):412–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00684-X

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Winter S, Diamond M, Green J, Karasic D, Reed T, Whittle S, Wylie K (2016) Transgender people: health at the margins of society. Lancet 388(10042):390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (2020) A long way to go for LGBTI equality: technical report. Luxembourg. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2020-lgbti-equality-technical-report_en.pdf. Accessed 7 Dec 2022

  9. Reisner SL, Deutsch MB, Bhasin S et al (2016) Advancing methods for US transgender health research. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 23(2):198–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000229

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. ISTAT, Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (2017) Forme, livelli e dinamiche dell’urbanizzazione in Italia. https://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/05/Urbanizzazione.pdf. Accessed 7 Dec 2022

  11. National health service: essential levels of assistance. Preventive healthcare measures. https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/lea/dettaglioContenutiLea.jsp?lingua=english&id=5442&area=Lea&menu=prevLea. Accessed 7 Dec 2022

  12. Distante V, Ciatto S, Frigerio A et al (2007) Recommendations of a national Italian consensus conference on the opportunity of extending screening service by mammography to 40–49 and 70–74 years of age women. Epidemiol Prev 31(1):15–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. ISTAT, Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Resident population on 1st January 2021. https://esploradati.istat.it/databrowser/#/it/dw/categories/IT1,POP,1.0/POP_POPULATION/DCIS_POPRES1/IT1,22_289_DF_DCIS_POPRES1_1,1.0. Accessed 7 Dec 2022

  14. Fisher AD, Bandini E, Casale H et al (2013) Sociodemographic and clinical features of gender identity disorder: an Italian multicentric evaluation. J Sex Med 10(2):408–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.03006.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Baldissera S, Ferrante G, Quarchioni E et al (2014) Field substitution of nonresponders can maintain sample size and structure without altering survey estimates-the experience of the Italian behavioral risk factors surveillance system (PASSI). Ann Epidemiol 24(4):241–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.12.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Baldissera S, Campostrini S, Binkin N et al (2011) Features and initial assessment of the Italian behavioral risk factor surveillance system (PASSI), 2007–2008. Prev Chronic Dis 8(1):A24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Romani A, Mazzoli F, Ristori J et al (2021) Psychological wellbeing and perceived social acceptance in gender diverse individuals. J Sex Med 18(11):1933–1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.08.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Leppel K (2021) Transgender men and women in 2015: employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. J Homosex 68(2):203–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1648081

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Aparicio-García ME, Díaz-Ramiro EM, Rubio-Valdehita S, López-Núñez MI, García-Nieto I (2018) Health and well-being of cisgender transgender and non-binary young people. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102133

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Azagba S, Latham K, Shan L (2019) Cigarette, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol use among transgender adults in the United States. Int J Drug Policy 73:163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Buchting FO, Emory KT, Scout KY, Fagan P, Vera LE, Emery S (2017) Transgender use of cigarettes, cigars, and E-cigarettes in a national study. Am J Prev Med 53(1):e1–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.11.022

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Tamí-Maury I, Sharma A, Chen M, Blalock J, Ortiz J, Weaver L, Shete S (2020) Comparing smoking behavior between female-to-male and male-to-female transgender adults. Tob Prev Cessat. https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc/114513

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Hughto JMW, Quinn EK, Dunbar MS, Rose AJ, Shireman TI, Jasuja GK (2021) Prevalence and co-occurrence of alcohol, nicotine, and other substance use disorder diagnoses among US transgender and cisgender adults. JAMA Netw Open 4(2):e2036512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36512

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Kittaneh AA, Patel S, Sidhu NK, Lechner WV, Kenne DR (2021) Tobacco use status as a function of transgender identity: the mediating role of psychological distress. Tob Use Insights 14:1179173X211004267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X211004267

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Downing JM, Przedworski JM (2018) Health of transgender adults in the U.S., 2014–2016. Am J Prev Med 55(3):336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sawyer AN, Bono RS, Kaplan B, Breland AB (2022) Nicotine/tobacco use disparities among transgender and gender diverse adults: findings from wave 4 PATH data. Drug Alcohol Depend 232:109268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109268

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Mahalik JR, Burns SM, Syzdek M (2007) Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men’s health behaviors. Soc Sci Med 64(11):2201–2209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wheldon CW, Watson RJ, Fish JN, Gamarel K (2019) Cigarette smoking among youth at the intersection of sexual orientation and gender identity. LGBT Health 6(5):235–241. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0005

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Coulter RW, Blosnich JR, Bukowski LA, Herrick AL, Siconolfi DE, Stall RD (2015) Differences in alcohol use and alcohol-related problems between transgender- and nontransgender-identified young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 154:251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Day JK, Fish JN, Perez-Brumer A, Hatzenbuehler ML, Russell ST (2017) Transgender youth substance use disparities: results from a population-based sample. J Adolesc Health 61(6):729–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.024

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Reisner SL, Greytak EA, Parsons JT, Ybarra ML (2015) Gender minority social stress in adolescence: disparities in adolescent bullying and substance use by gender identity. J Sex Res 52(3):243–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.886321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gamarel KE, Mereish EH, Manning D, Iwamoto M, Operario D, Nemoto T (2016) Minority stress, smoking patterns, and cessation attempts: findings from a community-sample of transgender women in the san francisco bay area. Nicotine Tob Res 18(3):306–313. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv066

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Shires DA, Jaffee KD (2016) Structural discrimination is associated with smoking status among a national sample of transgender individuals. Nicotine Tob Res 18(6):1502–1508. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv221

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG (2013) Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health 103(5):813–821. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. de Blok CJM, Dreijerink KMA, den Heijer M (2019) Cancer risk in transgender people. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 48(2):441–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Braun H, Nash R, Tangpricha V, Brockman J, Ward K, Goodman M (2017) Cancer in transgender people: evidence and methodological considerations. Epidemiol Rev 39(1):93–107. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxw003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Leone AG, Casolino R, Trapani D et al (2023) Position paper of the Italian association of medical oncology on health disparities among transgender and gender-diverse people: the assisi recommendations. EClinicalMedicine 65:102277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102277

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Bazzi AR, Whorms DS, King DS, Potter J (2015) Adherence to mammography screening guidelines among transgender persons and sexual minority women. Am J Public Health 105(11):2356–2358. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302851

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Luehmann N, Ascha M, Chwa E et al (2022) A single-center study of adherence to breast cancer screening mammography guidelines by transgender and non-binary patients. Ann Surg Oncol 29(3):1707–1717. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-021-10932-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Tabaac AR, Sutter ME, Wall CSJ, Baker KE (2018) Gender identity disparities in cancer screening behaviors. Am J Prev Med 54(3):385–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.11.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kiran T, Davie S, Singh D, Hranilovic S, Pinto AD, Abramovich A, Lofters A (2019) Cancer screening rates among transgender adults: Cross-sectional analysis of primary care data. Can Fam Physician 65(1):e30–e37

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Scheim A, Bauer G (2013) Breast and cervical cancer screening among trans Ontarians: a report prepared for the Screening Saves Lives Program of the Canadian Cancer Society. Trans PULSE Project. https://www.transpulseproject.ca. Accessed 7 Dec 2022

  43. Heer E, Peters C, Knight R, Yang L, Heitman SJ (2023) Participation, barriers, and facilitators of cancer screening among LGBTQ+ populations: a review of the literature. Prev Med 170:107478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Peitzmeier SM, Agénor M, Bernstein IM et al (2017) “It can promote an existential crisis”: Factors influencing pap test acceptability and utilization among transmasculine individuals. Qual Health Res 27(14):2138–2149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317725513

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Peitzmeier SM, Khullar K, Reisner SL, Potter J (2014) Pap test use is lower among female-to-male patients than non-transgender women. Am J Prev Med 47(6):808–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. James SEHJ, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet LAA (2016) The report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. https://www.ustranssurvey.org/reports. Accessed 7 Dec 2022

  47. Agénor M, White Hughto JM, Peitzmeier SM, Potter J, Deutsch MB, Pardee DJ, Reisner SL (2018) Gender identity disparities in Pap test use in a sample of binary and non-binary transmasculine adults. J Gen Intern Med 33(7):1015–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4400-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Carroll R, Tan KKH, Ker A, Byrne JL, Veale JF (2023) Uptake, experiences and barriers to cervical screening for trans and non-binary people in Aotearoa New Zealand. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 63(3):448–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.13674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Agénor M, Peitzmeier SM, Bernstein IM et al (2016) Perceptions of cervical cancer risk and screening among transmasculine individuals: patient and provider perspectives. Cult Health Sex 18(10):1192–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1177203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nicholls EJ, McGowan CR, Miles S et al (2023) Provision of cervical screening for transmasculine patients: a review of clinical and programmatic guidelines. BMJ Sex Reprod Health 49(2):118–128. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2022-201526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Roznovjak D, Petroll AE, Lakatos AEB, Narayan R, Cortina CS (2023) Perceptions of transgender and nonbinary persons toward breast and cervical cancer development, screening, and potential impact on gender-affirming hormone therapy. JCO Oncol Pract OP2200681. https://doi.org/10.1200/OP.22.00681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Scheim AI, Perez-Brumer AG, Bauer GR (2020) Gender-concordant identity documents and mental health among transgender adults in the USA: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Public Health 5(4):e196–e203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30032-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Kattari SK, Call J, Holloway BT, Kattari L, Seelman KL (2021) Exploring the experiences of transgender and gender diverse adults in accessing a trans knowledgeable primary care physician. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413057

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Drabish K, Theeke LA (2022) Health impact of stigma, discrimination, prejudice, and bias experienced by transgender people: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Issues Ment Health Nurs 43(2):111–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2021.1961330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jaffee KD, Shires DA, Stroumsa D (2016) Discrimination and delayed health care among transgender women and men: implications for improving medical education and health care delivery. Med Care 54(11):1010–1016. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. de Vries E, Kathard H, Müller A (2020) Debate: Why should gender-affirming health care be included in health science curricula? BMC Med Educ 20(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-1963-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Safer JD, Coleman E, Feldman J, Garofalo R, Hembree W, Radix A, Sevelius J (2016) Barriers to healthcare for transgender individuals. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 23(2):168–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000227

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Feldman JL, Luhur WE, Herman JL, Poteat T, Meyer IH (2021) Health and health care access in the US transgender population health (TransPop) survey. Andrology 9(6):1707–1718. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13052

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020) Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25877

Download references

Acknowledgements

The project was established with the co-funding of the European Union, National Operational Programme for social inclusion—European Social Fund 2014–2020. We are deeply grateful to all those who played a role in the success of this project. We wish to thank our study participants for sharing their voices and experiences. We also thank TGD organizations (ALA Milano; Associazione Consultorio Transgenere, Associazione Libellula Italia APS; Associazione Maurice GLBT, Spo.T Sportello Trans; Associazione Transessuale Napoli, ATN; Azione Trans; Boramosa, Centro Salute Trans e Gender Variant, CEST; Gruppo Ascolto Giovani Arcobaleno, G.A.G.A; Gay Center; Gender X; Gruppo Trans APS; I Ken; Intersexioni; Movimento Identità Trans, MIT; Sat Pink APS; Sunderam; T Genus: Magna Grecia) for their active contribution in planning the study and disseminating the questionnaire. We would like to thank the Osservatorio Nazionale sull'Identità di Genere (ONIG)—National Observatory on Gender Identity and “The Bridge” Foundation for their precious support, Anna Ferrigno for her technical management, Monica Brocco, and Isabel Torres-Carrilho for their linguistic revision of the text.

Author information

Author notes

  1. M. Marconi and M. T. Pagano have contributed equally to the study.

  2. A. D. Fisher and M. Pierdominici are to be considered as senior authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Reference Centre for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

    M. Marconi, M. T. Pagano, L. Giordani, P. Matarrese, A. Ruocco, C. Santangelo & M. Pierdominici

  2. Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, Florence, Italy

    J. Ristori, C. Cocchetti, A. Romani & A. D. Fisher

  3. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

    S. Bonadonna & S. Federici

  4. Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University Federico II, Naples, Italy

    R. Pivonello, L. Bruno & N. Verde

  5. Division of Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    M. C. Meriggiola & A. Lami

  6. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città Della Salute E Della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

    G. Motta, C. M. Crespi & L. Marinelli

  7. Laboratory of Semiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    F. Lombardo

  8. Gender Identity Development Service, Hospital S. Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy

    M. Mosconi

  9. Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    A. Oppo

  10. National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy

    B. Contoli, M. Masocco & V. Minardi

  11. Reference Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy

    F. Chiarotti

Authors
  1. M. Marconi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. T. Pagano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. Ristori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Bonadonna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. R. Pivonello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. C. Meriggiola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. G. Motta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. F. Lombardo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. M. Mosconi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. A. Oppo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. C. Cocchetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. A. Romani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. S. Federici
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. L. Bruno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. N. Verde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. A. Lami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. C. M. Crespi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. L. Marinelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. L. Giordani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. P. Matarrese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. A. Ruocco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. C. Santangelo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. B. Contoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. M. Masocco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. V. Minardi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. F. Chiarotti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. A. D. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. M. Pierdominici
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

M.M. and M.T.P made substantial contributions to the conception of the work, interpreted the results, wrote the initial version of the manuscript. J.R. made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work. S.B., R.P., M.C.M., G.M., F.L., M.Mo., A.O. contributed to the design of the work, data collection and interpretation. C.C., A.R., S.F., L.B., N.V., A.L., C.M.C, L.M. contributed to data collection and interpretation; L.G., P.M., A.R., C.S. contributed to data interpretation, wrote the initial version of the manuscript; B.C., M. Ma., and V.M. contributed to data collection and interpretation. F.C. made statistical analyses; A.D.F. contributed to the conception and design of the work, data interpretation, manuscript revision; M.P. contributed to the conception and design of the work, data interpretation, manuscript revision, handling funding and supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Pierdominici.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Research involving human participants and/or animals

The Ethics Committee of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità—National Institute of Health in Italy approved this study (AOO–ISS 01/07/2019 0020061).

Informed consent

A signed informed consent was not required from participants in this anonymous and voluntary questionnaire survey.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 29 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Marconi, M., Pagano, M.T., Ristori, J. et al. Sociodemographic profile, health-related behaviours and experiences of healthcare access in Italian transgender and gender diverse adult population. J Endocrinol Invest (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-024-02362-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-024-02362-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation