Abstract
Purpose
Charles II (1661–1700) was the last King of the Habsburg dynasty. He was physically and mentally disabled and died at just 39 years old. Here, the authors attempt to investigate the correlations between his signs and symptoms and the physical appearance on the painting.
Methods
Charles II has been portraited by Juan Carreño de Miranda in a painting that may provide precious information about his premature death.
Results
It has been suggested that inbreeding beside other endocrinological disorders were of the major causes responsible for illness and ultimately his death.
Conclusion
Possible endocrinological diseases have been hypothesized.
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References
Alvarez G, Ceballos FC, Quinteiro C (2009) The role of inbreeding in the extinction of a European royal dynasty. PLoS One 4(4):e5174
Ramos-Levi AM, Diaz-Perez A, Sobrido MJ et al (2012) Axonal neuropathy, long limbs and bumpy tongue: think of MEN2B. Muscle Nerve 46(6):961–964
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Sadeghi, P., Sisti, A. Unveiling Charles II, the last King of the Habsburg Spanish Empire, in a portrait by Juan Carreño de Miranda (1685). J Endocrinol Invest 43, 1529–1530 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01333-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01333-2