Abstract
We investigated the effects of a least to most prompting procedure on the performance of board game steps and game-related on-task behavior of young children with special needs and their typically developing peers. This study was conducted employing a concurrent multiple baseline design across participants. After teaching the board game steps using a systematic prompting strategy, the participants demonstrated increases in the performance of board game steps and game-related on-task behavior. In addition, the participants maintained high levels of performance and game-related on-task behavior during post-game training. The effects of teaching board games using prompting strategies, implications for practice, and areas for future study are presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

References
Arntzen, E., Halstadtrø, A., & Halstadtrø, M. (2003). Training play behavior in a 5-year-old boy with developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 367–370.
Baker, M. J. (2000). Incorporating the thematic ritualistic behaviors of children with autism into games: Increasing social play interactions with siblings. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2, 66–84.
Baker, M. J., Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (1998). Increasing the social behavior of young children with autism using their obsessive behaviors. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 23, 300–308.
Boutot, E. A., Guenther, T., & Crozier, S. (2005). Let’s play: teaching play skills to young children with autism. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 40, 285–292.
Covel, S. M. (1997). The importance of play. In L. Dunlap (Ed.), An introduction to early childhood special education (pp. 238–259). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Deming, J. D. (1999).Teaching game playing skills to increase peer conversation in children with autism and related disorders. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 60(7-B), 3552.
Flagler, S. (1996). The Infant-Preschool Play Assessment Scale. Chapel Hill, NC: Chapel Hill Training-Outreach Project, Inc.
Jung, S., & Sainato, D. M. (2013). Teaching play skills to young children with autism. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 38, 74–90.
Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., Hurley, C., & Frea, W. D. (1992). Improving social skills and disruptive behavior in children with autism through self-management. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 341–353.
Liber, D. B., Frea, W. D., & Symon, J. B. G. (2008). Using time-delay to improve social play skills with peers for children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 312–323.
Lifter, K., Mason, E. J., & Barton, E. E. (2012). Children’s play: where we have been and where we could go. Journal of Early Intervention, 33, 281–297.
Lifter, K., Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Anderson, S., & Edwards-Cowdery, G. (1993). Teaching play activities to preschool children with disabilities: The importance of developmental considerations. Journal of Early Interventions, 17, 1–21.
MacDonald, R., Sacramone, S., Mansfield, R., Wiltz, K., & Ahearn, W. H. (2009). Using video modeling to teach reciprocal pretend play to children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 43–55.
Machalicek, W., Shogren, K., Lang, R., Rispoli, M., O’Reilly, M. F., Franco, J. H., et al. (2009). Increasing play and decreasing the challenging behavior of children with autism during recess with activity schedules and task correspondence training. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 547–555.
Malone, D. M., & Langone, J. (1999). Teaching object-related play skills to preschool children with developmental concerns. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 46, 325–336.
Mastrangelo, S. (2009). Harnessing the power of play: Opportunities for children with autism spectrum disorders. Teaching Exceptional Children, 42, 34–44.
McConnell, S. R. (2002). Interventions to facilitate social interaction for young children with autism: review of available research and recommendations for educational intervention and future research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 351–372.
Oppenheim-Leaf, M., Leaf, J. B., & Call, N. K. (2012). Teaching board games to two children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24, 347–358.
Pierce-Jordan, S., & Lifter, K. (2005). Interaction of social and play behaviors in preschoolers with and without pervasive developmental disorder. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 25, 34–47.
Ramani, G. B., & Siegler, R. S. (2008). Promoting broad and stable improvements in low-income children's numerical knowledge through playing number board games. Child Development, 79, 375–394.
Ramani, G. B., Siegler, R. S., & Hitti, A. (2012). Taking it to the classroom: number board games as a small group learning activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 661–672.
Siegler, R. S., & Ramani, G. B. (2008). Playing linear numerical board games promotes low-income children’s numerical development. Developmental Science, Special Issue on Mathematical Cognition, 11, 655–661.
Strain, P. S., & Schwartz, I. S. (2001). ABA and the development of meaningful social relations for young children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 16, 120–128.
Tsao, L. (2002). How much do we know about the importance of play in child development? Childhood Education, 230–233.
Van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2003). Promoting early play. Autism, 7, 415–423.
Zimmerman, I. L., Steiner, V. G., & Pond, R. E. (1992). PLS-3: Preschool Language Scale-3. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Davis-Temple, J., Jung, S. & Sainato, D.M. Teaching Young Children with Special Needs and Their Peers to Play Board Games: Effects of a Least to Most Prompting Procedure to Increase Independent Performance. Behav Analysis Practice 7, 21–30 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-014-0001-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-014-0001-8