Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Tribal Population Aged 15–49 in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021

  • Published:
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Approximately 10% of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can be attributed to hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is steadily increasing among urban, rural, and tribal populations alike. There has been a growing incidence of hypertension within underprivileged groups; however, there is a scarcity of research focusing on the risks of hypertension within Indian tribes. The current study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension among tribes and the risk factors of hypertension.

Methods

This study uses data from the fifth phase of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) in India, covering 2,843,917 individuals in 636,699 households. A total of 69,176 individuals belonging to tribal communities aged between 15 and 49, encompassing both males and females, have been incorporated into our study. The study utilized bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses, which were conducted using the R statistical software.

Results

Among 69,176 tribal populations between 15 and 49 years, the overall prevalence of hypertension was 12.54% (8676/69176; 95% CI, 12.29%, 12.79%). The prevalence of hypertension among males was 16.4% and 12.07% among females. Age, gender, education, marital status, smoking, and alcohol consumption were found to be the significant predictors of hypertension among tribes.

Conclusion

The rising prevalence and potential dangers of hypertension within Indian tribes highlight their epidemiological transition burdened by significant cardiometabolic health concerns, necessitating prompt and ongoing monitoring and surveillance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated during the current study. The National Family Health Survey-5 datasets are available on the DHS platform: https://dhsprogram.com/data/.

References

  1. Giri PP, Mohapatra B, Kar K. Prevalence of hypertension and the associated factors among Sabar and Munda tribes of Eastern India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(9):5065–71.

  2. Chakma T, Kavishwar A, Sharma RK, Rao PV. High prevalence of hypertension and its selected risk factors among adult tribal population in Central India. Pathog Glob Health. 2017;111(7):343–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2017.1396411.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Non-communicable diseases. https://www.who.int/newsroom/factsheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. Accessed 21 Dec 2023.

  4. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cCardiovascular dDiseases and Rrisk Ffactors, 1990–2019: Uupdate Ffrom the GBD 2019 sStudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Gupta R, Gaur K, S. Ram CV,. Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(8):575–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0117-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. United Nations. State of the world’s indigenous peoples: education. 2017. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/news/2017/12/state-of-the-worlds-indigenous-peoples-iiieducation. Accessed 21 Dec 2023

  8. Office of Registrar General & Census Commissioner India. Census info. ministry of home affairs G of India. 2011. Available from http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/HLO/HH14.html.

  9. Patil M, Hedaoo RP, Shah RP, Tauseef SM, Marzo RR, Ching SM, Lambert G. Assessment of health-related quality of life among male patients with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension in semi urban India. Inquiry: J Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 2023;60:00469580231167010

  10. Carey RM, Muntner P, Bosworth HB, Whelton PK. Prevention and Ccontrol of Hhypertension: JACC health promotion series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(11):1278–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Biswas A, Singh RK, Singh SK. Medical and non-medical cost of hypertension and heart diseases in India. Cogent Soc Sci 2016;2(1):1250616. Available from https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1250616.

  12. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. National family health survey (NFHS-5), 2019–21. India: 2021; Volume 1. Mumbai: IIPS.

  13. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(4):223 /pmc/articles/PMC7998524/.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Babu B V., Hazarika CR, Raina SK, Masoodi SR, Basappa YC, Thomas N, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and risk factors in tribal population of India: a multi-centric cross-sectional study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01817-w

  15. Rizwan SA, Kumar R, Singh AK, Kusuma YS, Yadav K, Pandav CS. Prevalence of hypertension in Indian tribes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS one. 2014;9(5):e95896.

  16. Noor SK, Elsugud NA, Bushara SO, Elmadhoun WM, Ahmed MH. High prevalence of hypertension among an ethnic group in Sudan: implications for prevention. Ren Fail. 2016;38(3):352–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2015.1128839.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chua EY, Zalilah MS, Haemamalar K, Norhasmah S, Geeta A. Obesity indices predict hypertension among indigenous adults in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-017-0102-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Aung MN, Lorga T, Srikrajang J, Kreuangchai S, Tonpanya W, Jaiin P, et al. Assessing awareness and knowledge of hypertension in an at-risk population in the Karen Assessing awareness and knowledge of hypertension in an at-risk population in the Karen ethnic rural community , Thasongyang , Thailand. 2022; https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S29406

  19. Meshram I, Arlappa N, Balkrishna N, Rao K, Laxmaiah A, Brahmam G. Prevalence of hypertension, its correlates and awareness among adult tribal population of Kerala state, India. J Postgrad Med. 2012;58(4):255 https://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2012;volume=58;issue=4;spage=255;epage=261;aulast=Meshram.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sajeev P, Soman B. Prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors among the Kani tribe in Thiruvananthapuram district. Kerala Indian Heart J. 2018;70(5):598–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kandpal V, Sachdeva MP, Saraswathy KN. An assessment study of CVD related risk factors in a tribal population of India. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3106-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Raina SK, Chander V, Prasher CL, Raina S. Prevalence of hypertension in a tribal land locked population at high altitude. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016(4000 m):1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ganie MA, Parvez T, Viswanath SA, Sreenivas V, Ramakrishnan L, Nisar S, Sahar T, Robbani I, Ali SA, Rashid A, Wani IA. Prevalence, pattern & correlates of hypertension among tribal population of Kashmir, India: a cross-sectional study. Indian J Med Res. 2024;154(3):467–75.

  24. Manimunda SP, Sugunan AP, Benegal V, Balakrishna N, Rao MV, Pesala KS. Association of hypertension with risk factors & hypertension related behaviour among the aboriginal Nicobarese tribe living in Car Nicobar Island, India. Indian J Med Res. 2011;133(3):287 (/pmc/articles/PMC3103153/).

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Borah PK, Devi U, Biswas D, Kalita HC, Sharma M, Mahanta J. Distribution of blood pressure & correlates of hypertension in school children aged 5–14 years from North east India. Indian J Med Res. 2015;142(3):293 (/pmc/articles/PMC4669864/).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Id IVK, Id NS, Bandawe C, Kohler H peter. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH Aging and hypertension among the global poor — panel data evidence from Malawi. 2022;1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000600

  27. Ramakrishnan S, Zachariah G, Gupta K, Shivkumar Rao J, Mohanan PP, Venugopal K, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among Indian adults: results from the great India blood pressure survey. Indian Heart J. 2019;71(4):309–13 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074098839&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ihj.2019.09.012&partnerID=40&md5=6bbb6088fd0eaf64d4e61724e18f11d1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Anchala R, Kannuri NK, Pant H, Khan H, Franco OH, Di Angelantonio E, et al. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(6):1170 (/pmc/articles/PMC4011565/).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Rai B, Bramhankar M. Tobacco use among Indian states: key findings from the latest demographic health survey 2019–2020. Tob Prev Cessat. 2021;7.

  30. Murmu J, Agrawal R, Manna S, Pattnaik S, Ghosal S, Sinha A, Acharya AS, Kanungo S, Pati S. Social determinants of tobacco use among tribal communities in India: evidence from the first wave of longitudinal ageing study in India. Plos One. 2023;18(3):e0282487. 

  31. Priyadarsini S, Kumari S, Chandra P, Lakra K, Charan S, Dhawan P, et al. Association of tobacco with hypertension in adult females : evidence from National Family Health Survey-IV for an aspirational Indian state. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2022;15:101061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101061.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Anand N, Hussain S. Prevalence of hypertension & associated risk factors among tribal population in a rural community of Katihar. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2020;9(23):1725–30.

  33. Ray J, Som K, Paul R, Bandyopadhyay D. Prevalence of alcohol use among tribal population based on self-reported data: a hospital-based pilot study from West Bengal. J Indian Acad Clin Med, 2018;19:269–73.

  34. Singh PK, Dubey R, Singh L, Singh N, Kumar C, Kashyap S, Subramanian SV, Singh S. Mixed effect of alcohol, smoking, and smokeless tobacco use on hypertension among adult population in India: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022;19(6):3239.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to Be University), Chennai, India

    Saravanan Chinnaiyan, Aravind Dharmaraj & Bharathi Palanisamy

  2. Department of Biostatistics, Christian medical college, Vellore, India

    Aravind Dharmaraj

Authors
  1. Saravanan Chinnaiyan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aravind Dharmaraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bharathi Palanisamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bharathi Palanisamy.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 15 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chinnaiyan, S., Dharmaraj, A. & Palanisamy, B. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Tribal Population Aged 15–49 in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-024-02005-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-024-02005-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation