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Personal- vs. Group-Level Discrimination and Physical and Mental Health Outcomes Among Black Adolescents

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Abstract

Background

The negative health consequences of personal experiences of racial discrimination (personal-level discrimination) has been well-documented across developmental stages, including adolescence, in Black individuals. There is also some evidence suggesting perceiving other Black individuals experiencing racial discrimination (group-level discrimination) can protect one’s health in Black adults.

Methods

This study examined the role of personal- and group-level discrimination in Black adolescent health. The study was a secondary analysis of survey data collected from 186 Black adolescents that included reports of discrimination, physical function, anxiety, and depression.

Results

Black adolescents who reported greater, as opposed to lower, personal-level discrimination were more likely to experience poorer physical and mental health outcomes. While group-level discrimination was also associated with physical health outcomes, it was not directly associated with mental health outcomes. Importantly, across all three health outcomes, awareness of group-level discrimination mitigated the negative health consequences of personal-level discrimination. Among adolescents who reported low levels of group-level discrimination, personal-level discrimination was associated negatively with physical function and positively with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Among adolescents who reported high levels of group-level discrimination, there was no association between personal-level discrimination and any of the health outcomes.

Discussion

Consistent with prior research with Black adults, awareness of high group-level discrimination may protect Black adolescents from the negative health consequences of personal-level discrimination. The pattern of the results is also consistent with the literature of the personal-group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD) and psychological wellbeing. Future research should investigate the psychological mechanisms implicated in PGDD (e.g., external attribution of discrimination and intragroup comparison) as potential coping strategies for Black adolescents against the negative health consequences of personal-level discrimination.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Virginia Commonwealth University Center for Cultural Experiences and Prevention. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under agreement for this study.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Nao Hagiwara, Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell, Danyel Smith, Heather A Jones, Tiffany L Green, Faye Belgrave & Cecelia Valrie

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  1. Nao Hagiwara
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  2. Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell
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  3. Danyel Smith
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  4. Heather A Jones
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  5. Tiffany L Green
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  6. Faye Belgrave
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  7. Cecelia Valrie
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Correspondence to Nao Hagiwara.

Ethics declarations

Research Involving Human Participants

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board.

Informed Consent

Informed assent and consent was obtained from all adolescents and their caregivers, respectively, for being included in the study.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Hagiwara, N., Shipman-Lacewell, J., Smith, D. et al. Personal- vs. Group-Level Discrimination and Physical and Mental Health Outcomes Among Black Adolescents. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01758-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-023-01758-4

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