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Dietary Patterns with Healthy and Unhealthy Traits Among Overweight/Obese Hispanic Women with or at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

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Abstract

Hispanic women are at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), with obesity and unhealthy eating being important contributing factors. A cross-sectional design was used in this study to identify dietary patterns and their associations with diabetes risk factors. Participants completed a culturally adapted Food Frequency Questionnaire capturing intake over the prior 3 months. Overweight/obese Hispanic women (n = 191) with or at risk for T2D were recruited from a community clinic into a weight loss intervention. Only baseline data was used for this analysis. Dietary patterns and their association with diabetes risk factors (age, body mass index, abdominal obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose [FBG], and hemoglobin A1c). An exploratory factor analysis of dietary data adjusted for energy intake was used to identify eating patterns, and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to assess the association of the eating patterns with the diabetes risk factors. Six meaningful patterns with healthful and unhealthful traits emerged: (1) sugar and fat-laden, (2) plant foods and fish, (3) soups and starchy dishes, (4) meats and snacks, (5) beans and grains, and (6) eggs and dairy. Scores for the “sugar and fat-laden” and “meats and snacks” patterns were negatively associated with age (r = − 0.230, p = 0.001 and r = − 0.298, p < 0.001, respectively). Scores for “plant foods and fish” were positively associated with FBG (r = 0.152, p = 0.037). Being younger may be an important risk factor for a diet rich in sugar and fat; this highlights the need to assess dietary patterns among younger Hispanic women to identify traits potentially detrimental for their health.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, grant 1R01DK099277.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA

    Mayra Arias-Gastélum, Meg Bruening, Corrie M. Whisner, Cheryl Der Ananian & Sonia Vega-López

  2. Escuela de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Gastronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    Mayra Arias-Gastélum

  3. Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, 97227, USA

    Nangel M. Lindberg, Michael C. Leo, Erin S. LeBlanc, Victor J. Stevens, Elizabeth Shuster, Richard T. Meenan, Sara Gille & Katherine A. Vaughn

  4. College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA

    Steven P. Hooker

  5. Virginia Garcia Memoria Health Center, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA

    Ann Turner

  6. Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA

    Sonia Vega-López

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  1. Mayra Arias-Gastélum
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  2. Nangel M. Lindberg
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  15. Sonia Vega-López
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Contributions

MAG, ML, MB, CW, CDA, SH, and SVL conceptualized the study; NL, SG, AT, KV, ES, VS, and SVL were involved in study administration and data collection; MAG, ML, MB, CW, CDA, SH, and SVL analyzed and interpreted the data; MAG and SVL wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed, edited, and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sonia Vega-López.

Ethics declarations

All interested women with confirmed eligibility provided written informed consent prior to data collection. All study materials and procedures were approved by the Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Center, and Arizona State University Institutional Review Boards.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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The National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article.

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Arias-Gastélum, M., Lindberg, N.M., Leo, M.C. et al. Dietary Patterns with Healthy and Unhealthy Traits Among Overweight/Obese Hispanic Women with or at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 8, 293–303 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00782-y

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