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Does Inflammation Mediate Relationships Between Racial Identity and Onset of Menopause Among US Adults?

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Abstract

We assess how well differences in ethnoracial background may predict timing of menopause among females in the USA and whether or not inflammatory biomarker levels appear to mediate these overall associations. We use data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) to model apparent net effects from race on menopausal onset, as well as possible mediating influences from the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP). Using continuous time event history analysis, we assess and frame overall relationships between race and menopausal age. We use structural equation modeling to assess potential mediating effects from CRP and to estimate direct and indirect components of these apparent effects. Our findings suggest that on average, black females experience menopause earlier than their peers of other racial backgrounds, and have higher inflammatory biomarker levels. Both black race and higher CRP have negative and significant direct associations with menopausal age. CRP appears to partially mediate the overall association between black race and earlier menopause. This apparent mediation persists with statistical controls for income, education, and body mass index. Our study concludes with recommendations for future research on racial identity, inflammation, and menopausal onset. We focus our recommendations on intersectional forms of inequality that may affect black females in later life.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geriatrics, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Suite 4235, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA

    Alexandra C.H. Nowakowski

  2. Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Suite 3200, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA

    Katelyn Y. Graves

Authors
  1. Alexandra C.H. Nowakowski
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  2. Katelyn Y. Graves
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Correspondence to Alexandra C.H. Nowakowski.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the dataset used for this study, but was not collected for this study specifically due to the secondary and retrospective nature of the research.

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Nowakowski, A.C., Graves, K.Y. Does Inflammation Mediate Relationships Between Racial Identity and Onset of Menopause Among US Adults?. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 4, 1128–1137 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-016-0318-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-016-0318-9

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