Abstract
Contingency management (CM) interventions are based on operant principles and are effective in promoting health behaviors. Despite their success, a common criticism of CM is that its effects to not persist after the intervention is withdrawn. Many CM studies evaluate posttreatment effects, but few investigate procedures for promoting maintenance. Token economy interventions and CM interventions are procedurally and conceptually similar. The token economy literature includes many studies in which procedures for promoting postintervention maintenance are evaluated. A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize the literature on treatment maintenance in token economies. Search procedures yielded 697 articles, and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria resulted in 37 articles for review. The most successful strategy is to combine procedures. In most cases, thinning or fading was combined with programmed transfer of control via social reinforcement or self-management. Social reinforcement and self-monitoring procedures appear to be especially important, and were included in 70% of studies involving combined approaches. Thus, our primary recommendation is to incorporate multiple maintenance strategies, at least one of which should facilitate transfer of control of the target behavior to other reinforcers. In addition, graded removal of the intervention, which has also been evaluated to a limited extent in CM, is a reasonable candidate for further development and evaluation. Direct comparisons of maintenance procedures are lacking, and should be considered a research priority in both domains. Researchers and clinicians interested in either type of intervention will likely benefit from ongoing attention to developments in both areas.
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This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA035200) of the National Institutes of Health. The funding agency had no role in study design, data collection or analysis, or preparation and submission of the manuscript. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. This study was also funded in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Amanda Devoto is now at the American Society of Addiction Medicine, Rockville MD. The authors would like to thank Dr. David Jarmolowicz for his helpful comments on an early version of this manuscript.
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Regnier, S.D., Traxler, H., Devoto, A. et al. A Systematic Review of Treatment Maintenance Strategies in Token Economies: Implications for Contingency Management. Perspect Behav Sci 45, 819–861 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00358-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00358-7