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Immunotherapy Options for Neuroblastoma: What is on the Horizon?

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Neuroblastoma is the most commonly seen extracranial tumor in children originating from the sympathetic nervous system. It is responsible for approximately 20% of cancer-related deaths in the pediatric population, making this malignancy one of the worst scenarios. Patients are classified into low or high-risk groups based on their tumor's age at diagnosis, histological tumor stage, and genetic status. Despite the good outcomes of current therapy modalities in low-risk neuroblastoma patients, investigation of novel treatment paradigms for high-risk neuroblastoma patients is necessary.

Recent Findings

Current therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma patients consists of chemotherapy, surgical resection, radiotherapy, the combination of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, isotretinoin, immunotherapy with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies and cytokines, and radioimmunotherapy. These options achieve high rates of overall survival, yet the challenges of improving anti-GD2 immunotherapy remain. Low mutational burden, restricted T-cell infiltration, and downregulated MHC-1 expression are critical factors that pose significant challenges to the success of immunotherapy. It is crucial to address these hurdles to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment.

Summary

There has been a significant research focus on overcoming the immunologic impediments that hinder progress in treatment and describing novel target molecules for neuroblastoma. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the immunological landscape of the malignancy under study and highlights the latest potent approaches.

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Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

    Aysima Karakus & Beyda Berberogullari

  2. Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

    Beyda Berberogullari

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A.K. and B.B. wrote the main manuscript text and A.K. and B.B. prepared the original figure1 and figure2. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Beyda Berberogullari.

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Karakus, A., Berberogullari, B. Immunotherapy Options for Neuroblastoma: What is on the Horizon?. Curr Mol Bio Rep (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40610-024-00160-1

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