Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Women’s Decision-Making Power in the Local Councils of Albania: Do Numbers Make a Difference?

  • Published:
Global Social Welfare Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many countries have endorsed affirmative action policies to promote gender equality in decision-making. Yet, evidence on the impact of women’s presence in decision-making is mixed. This study examines the relationship between women’s numbers and decision-making power in the local councils of Albania. It addresses two questions: How do councilwomen perceive their decision-making power? What is the relationship between the number of councilwomen and their decision-making power? Drawing on 186 interviews conducted with women in rural and urban councils, the study shows that the proportion of councilwomen does not have an effect on their decision-making power. Findings provide insights into how councilwomen enact representation in a political environment that sustains centralized practices of governance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth. In P. Aghion & S. N. Durlauf (Eds.), Handbook of economic growth (Vol. 1A, pp. 385–472). Amsterdam: North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battista, J. C. (2011). Formal and perceived leadership power in U.S. state legislatures. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 11(1), 102–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2010). Political reservation and substantive representation: evidence from Indian village councils. India Policy Forum, 7(1), 150–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith, K., & Cowell-Meyers, K. (2007). Sheer numbers: critical representation thresholds and women’s political representation. Perspectives on Politics, 5(3), 553–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beer, C. C., & Camp, R. A. (2016). Democracy, gender quotas, and political recruitment in Mexico. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 4(2), 179–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, H. R. (2006). Research methods in anthropology. Qualitative and quantitative approaches (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.

  • Bratton, K. A., & Ray, L. P. (2002). Descriptive representation, policy outcomes, and municipal day-care coverage in Norway. American Journal of Political Science, 46(2), 428–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Celis, K., & Childs, S. (2008). The descriptive and substantive representation of women: new directions. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 419–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chattopadhyay, R., & Duflo, E. (2004). Women as policy makers: evidence from a randomized policy experiment in India. Econometrica, 72(5), 1409–1443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Childs, S. (2006). The complicated relationship between sex, gender and the substantive representation of women. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(1), 7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Childs, S., & Krook, M. L. (2006). Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 522–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowell-Meyers, K., & Langbein, L. (2009). Linking women’s descriptive and substantive representation in the United States. Politics & Gender, 5(04), 491–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çuli, D. (2000). Essays on Albanian women. Tirana: Dora d’Istria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlerup, D. (2006). The story of the theory of critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlerup, D., & Freidenvall, L. (2010). Judging gender quotas: predictions and results. Policy & Politics, 38(3), 407–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dauti, M. (2012). The politics of distributing public investments in the local governments of Albania. Tirana: Open Society Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauti, M. (2013). How institutions matter for local development: evidence from the implementation of decentralization reform in Albania. Ph.D. diss. Washington University in St. Louis.

  • Dauti, M. (2017). The impact of decentralization on participation in formal organizations in Albania: lessons for community-based interventions. International Social Work. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817695392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dauti, M., & Gjermeni, E. (2015). Mapping women’s representation in the local councils of Albania. In S. P. Ramet & C. M. Hassenstab (Eds.), Gender (in)equality and gender politics in Southeastern Europe: a question of justice (pp. 213–228). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dragoti, E., Tahsini, I., Dhëmbo, E., Ajdini, J. (2011). Monitoring Albania’s steps towards gender equality: the case of gender quotas in politics. Retrieved from http://www.rrpp-westernbalkans.net/en/library/Research-Results/Albania/Monitoring-Albania-s-Steps-Towards-Gender-Equality/mainColumnParagraphs/0/text_files/file/faqosje%20ang.pdf.

  • Franceschet, S., & Piscopo, J. M. (2008). Gender quotas and women’s substantive representation: lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender, 4(3), 393–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, B. (2009). Are female house members still more liberal in a polarized era? The conditional nature of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation. Congress & the Presidency, 36(2), 181–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halo, A. (2015). Reforma territoriale kërcënon demokracinë vendore [Territorial reform threatens local democracy]. Retrieved from http://www.reporter.al/reforma-territoriale-dhe-humbja-e-demokracise-vendore/.

  • Holman, M. R. (2014). Sex and the city: female leaders and spending on social welfare programs in US municipalities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(4), 701–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoxha, E. (1984). On the international communist women’s movement. Retrieved from http://ciml.250x.com/archive/5classics/english/hoxha_women/womens_emancipation.html.

  • Institute for Democracy and Mediation. (2010). Civil society index for Albania: in search of citizens & impact. Tirana: IDM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute for Democracy and Mediation. (2016). Besimi në qeveri [Trust in government]. Retrieved from http://idmalbania.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Opinion-Poll_trust-in-government_2015.pdf.

  • Institute of Political Studies. (2016). Raport mbi demokracinë e brendshme në partitë politike shqiptare [Report on the internal democracy of Albanian political parties]. Retrieved from http://politike.al/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/RAPORT-I-MBI-DBP-FES-M-1.pdf.

  • Kanter, R. M. (1977). Some effects of proportions on group life: skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krook, M. L. (2016). Contesting gender quotas: dynamics of resistance. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 4(2), 268–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krook, M. L., & Sanín, J. R. (2016). Gender and political violence in Latin America: concepts, debates and solutions. Política y gobierno, 23(1), 127–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krook, M. L., & Zetterberg, P. (2014). Gender quotas and women’s representation—new directions in research. Representations, 50(3), 287–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should Blacks represent Blacks and women represent women? A contingent “yes”. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelberg, T., Karpowitz, C. F., & Goedert, N. (2014). Does descriptive representation facilitate women’s distinctive voice? How gender composition and decision rules affect deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 291–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. (2011). Raporti kombëtar i pozicionit të grave dhe i barazisë gjinore në Shqipëri [National report of women’s status and gender equality in Albania]. Tirana: Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partners Albania. (2013). Participation of citizens and civil society in decision making. Tirana: Partners Albania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, A. (1995). The politics of presence. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The concept of representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sater, J. N. (2012). Reserved seats, patriarchy, and patronage in Morocco. In J. M. Piscopo, M. L. Krook, & S. Franceschet (Eds.), The impact of gender quotas (pp. 72–86). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shkëmbi, A. (2013). Një paketë ‘shpëtimi’ për bashkitë’ [A ‘rescue’ package for municipalities]. Retrieved from http://www.top-channel.tv/artikull.php?id=262904.

  • Srivastava, V. K., & Giles, D. E. A. (1987). Seemingly unrelated regression equations models: estimation and inference. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swers, M. L. (1998). Are women more likely to vote for women’s issue bills than their male colleagues? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(3), 435–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swiss, L., Fallon, K. M., & Burgos, G. (2012). Does critical mass matter? Women’s political representation and child health in developing countries. Social Forces, 91(2), 531–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S., & Welch, S. (1991). The impact of gender on activities and priorities of state legislators. Western Political Quarterly, 44(2), 445–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Transparency International. 2016. National integrity system assessment: Albania 2016. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/publication/national_integrity_system_assessment_albania_2016.

  • UNDP. (2016). Public perceptions and attitudes toward gender equality in Albania. Retrieved from http://www.al.undp.org/content/albania/en/home/library/poverty/public-perceptions-and-attitude-towards-genedr-equality-in-alban.html.

  • USAID. (2014). 2013 civil society sustainability index for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1863/E%26E%202013%20CSOSI%20Final%2010-29-14.pdf.

  • Wang, V. (2013). Women changing policy outcomes: learning from pro-women legislation in the Ugandan Parliament. Women's Studies International Forum, 41(2), 113–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wängnerud, L. (2009). Women in parliaments: descriptive and substantive representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 51–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, J. D. (1991). Rethinking tokenism: looking beyond numbers. Gender and Society, 5(2), 178–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, M. Y. (2011). More women in the Tanzanian legislature: do numbers matter? Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 29(1), 83–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was funded by United Nations Development Programme—Albania (contract number: ALB-194-2014).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marsela Dauti.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Conflict of Interest

Author Marsela Dauti has received a research grant from United Nations Development Programme—Albania (contract number: ALB-194-2014).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dauti, M. Women’s Decision-Making Power in the Local Councils of Albania: Do Numbers Make a Difference?. Glob Soc Welf 5, 253–263 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-017-0105-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-017-0105-5

Keywords

Navigation