Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Developmental Framework for Progression to Anti-racism in Academic Psychiatry

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Academic Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This article has been updated

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Change history

  • 05 May 2022

    Springer Nature’s version of this paper was updated to rpseent the correct reference citations.

References

  1. Kendi IX. How to be an antiracist. One World: New York; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  2. The impact of racism on child and adolescent Health, section on adolescent health, council on community pediatrics, committee on adolescence. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2019 August [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 144(2): e2091765. Available from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/144/2/e20191765/38466/The-Impact-of-Racism-on-Child-and-Adolescent. 10.1542/peds.2019-1765.

  3. Osseo-Asare A, Balasuriya L, Huot SJ, Keene D, Berg D, Nunez-Smith M, et al. Minority resident physicians’ views on the role of race/ethnicity in their training experiences in the workplace. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2018 Sep 28 [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 1(5):e182723. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2703945. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2723

  4. Bonnett A, Anti-racism. London (GB): Routledge; 2000: p.4.

  5. Gilroy P. The end of anti-racism. New Community [Internet].1990 Jun 30 [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 17(1): pp.71-83. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369183X.1990.9976222.

  6. Berman G, Paradies Y. Racism, disadvantage, and multiculturalism towards effective anti-racist praxis. Ethnic and Racial Studies [Internet]. 2010 Feb [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 33(2): 214-232. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870802302272?journalCode=rers20.

  7. Yu R. Stress potentiates decision biases: a stress induced deliberation-to-intuition (SIDI) model. Neurobiology of stress [Internet]. 2016 Jun [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 3: 83-95. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146206/pdf/main.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.12.006

  8. David EJR, Schroeder TM, Fernandez J. Internalized racism: a systematic review of the psychological literature on racism’s most insidious consequence. Journal of Social Issues [Internet]. 2019 Sept 13 [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 75(4): 1057-1086. Available from: https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/josi.12350.

  9. Abrica EJ, García-Louis C, Gallaway CDJ. Antiblackness in the Hispanic-serving community college (HSCC) context: Black male collegiate experiences through the lens of settler colonial logics. Race Ethnicity and Education [Internet]. 2019 Jun 24 [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 23(1): 55-73. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13613324.2019.1631781?journalCode=cree20.

  10. Candor S, Figgou L, Abell J, Gibson S, Stevenson C. ‘They’re not racist…’ Prejudice denial, mitigation, and suppression in dialogue. British Journal of Social Psychology [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2021 Dec 14] ; 45(3): 441-462. Available from: https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1348/014466605X66817. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X66817.

  11. Valliant G. Ego mechanisms of defense: a guide for clinicians and researchers. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press; 1992. p. 272–3.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Burke MA. Colorblind racism: identities, ideologies, and shifting subjectivities. Sociological Perspectives [Internet]. 2017 Aug 4 [Cited 2021 Dec 14]; 60(5). Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0731121417723827. 10.1177/0731121417723827.

  13. Cunningham BA, Scarlato ASM. Ensnared by colorblindness: discourse on health care disparities. Ethnicity & Disease [Internet]. 2018 Aug 9 [Cited 2021 Dec 14]; 28(Suppl 1): 235-240. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6092170/. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.S1.235

  14. Kwate NOA and Meyer IH. The myth of meritocracy and African American health. American Journal of Public Health [Internet]. 2010 October [Cited 2021 Dec 14]; 100: 1831-1834. Available from: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186445. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186445

  15. Williams DR, Lawrence JA, Davis BA. Racism and health: evidence and needed research. Annual review of public health [Internet]. 2019 April 1 [cited 2021 Dec 14]; 40: 105-25. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601726/. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750.

  16. Acosta D, Ackerman-Barger K. Breaking the silence: time to talk about race and racism. Academic Medicine [Internet]. 2017 March; 92(3): 285-288. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2017/03000/breaking_the_silence__time_to_talk_about_race_and.15.aspx. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001416.

  17. Mbilishaka AM, Clemons K, Hudlin M, Warner C, Jones D. Don’t get it twisted: untangling the psychology of hair discrimination within Black communities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry [Internet]. 2020 May 28; 90(5): 590-599. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32463256/. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000468.

  18. Chavez N, Karimi F. California becomes first state to ban discrimination based on natural hairstyles. CNN. July 3, 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/03/us/california-hair-discrimination-trnd/index.html. Accessed 30 Jan 2020.

  19. Guiterrez KJ. The performance of “antiracism” curricula. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2020 September 10; 383: e75. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMpv2025046. 10.1056/NEJMpv2025046.

  20. MacMillan A. Conditioned to believe: Hobbes on religion, education, and social context. Hobbes Studies [Internet]. 2017 October 6; 30(2): 156-177. Available from: https://brill.com/view/journals/hobs/30/2/article-p156_156.xml?language=en.

  21. Ledwith M. Community development in action: putting Freire into practice. 1st ed. Bristol (UK): Bristol University Press; 2016: p. 145.

  22. Epstein R, Blake JJ, González T. Girlhood interrupted: the erasure of Black girls’ childhood. Georgetown Law: Center on poverty and inequality. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/research-confirms-that-black-girls-feel-the-sting-of-adultification-bias-identified-in-earlier-georgetown-law-study/. Accessed 7 Nov 2020.

  23. Washington H. Medical apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on black Americans from colonial times to the present. New York: Random House, Inc; 2006: Chapter 3, pp. 111-112.

  24. Calhoun A. Medical education must start teaching about racism. Yale J Biol Med [Internet]. 2021 Mar 31; 94(1): 143-146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995931/.

  25. Schartel SA. Giving feedback – an integral part of education. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol [Internet]. 2012 Mar; 26(1): 77-87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22559958/. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2012.02.003

  26. Schnitzer K, Merideth F, Macias-Konstantopoulos, Hayden D, Shtasel D, Bird S. Disparities in care: the role of race on the utilization of restraints in the emergency setting. Academic Emergency Medicine [Internet]. 2020 October; 27(10): 943-950. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32691509/. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14092.

  27. DiAngelo R. A note on white silence. Counterpoints [Internet]. 2016;497:283–97 Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/45157310.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Jarvis SN, Okonofua JA. School deferred: when bias affects school leaders. Social psychological and personality science [Internet]. 2019 October 10; 11(4): 492-498. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550619875150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619875150

  29. Villarosa, L. Why America’s Black mothers and babies are in a life-or-death crisis. New York Times. April 11, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/magazine/black-mothers-babies-death-maternal-mortality.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2020.

  30. Hoffman KM, Trawalter S, Axt JR, and Oliver MN. Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA [Internet]. 2016 April 19; 113(16): 4296-4301. Available from: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/16/4296. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Christopher Elledge, M.A.E., and Andrea Asnes, MD, MSW, for their helpful review and support of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA

    Amanda J. Calhoun & Andrés Martin

  2. Hawthorn Children’s Psychiatric Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA

    Joshua W. Calhoun

Authors
  1. Amanda J. Calhoun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrés Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joshua W. Calhoun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amanda J. Calhoun.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

N/A

Disclosure

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Calhoun, A.J., Martin, A. & Calhoun, J.W. A Developmental Framework for Progression to Anti-racism in Academic Psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry 46, 651–656 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-022-01627-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-022-01627-y

Search

Navigation