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Airborne Exposure to Pollutants and Mental Health: A Review with Implications for United States Veterans

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Inhalation of airborne pollutants in the natural and built environment is ubiquitous; yet, exposures are different across a lifespan and unique to individuals. Here, we reviewed the connections between mental health outcomes from airborne pollutant exposures, the biological inflammatory mechanisms, and provide future directions for researchers and policy makers. The current state of knowledge is discussed on associations between mental health outcomes and Clean Air Act criteria pollutants, traffic-related air pollutants, pesticides, heavy metals, jet fuel, and burn pits.

Recent Findings

Although associations between airborne pollutants and negative physical health outcomes have been a topic of previous investigations, work highlighting associations between exposures and psychological health is only starting to emerge. Research on criteria pollutants and mental health outcomes has the most robust results to date, followed by traffic-related air pollutants, and then pesticides. In contrast, scarce mental health research has been conducted on exposure to heavy metals, jet fuel, and burn pits. Specific cohorts of individuals, such as United States military members and in-turn, Veterans, often have unique histories of exposures, including service-related exposures to aircraft (e.g. jet fuels) and burn pits. Research focused on Veterans and other individuals with an increased likelihood of exposure and higher vulnerability to negative mental health outcomes is needed.

Summary

Future research will facilitate knowledge aimed at both prevention and intervention to improve physical and mental health among military personnel, Veterans, and other at-risk individuals.

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Data Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

CO:

Carbon monoxide

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

GAD:

Generalized anxiety disorder

mm:

Millimeter

Mn:

Manganese

NH3 :

Ammonia

nm:

Nanometer

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

O3 :

Ozone

PACT:

Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxins

PHQ:

Patient Health Questionnaire

PM:

Particulate matter

PM10 :

Particles with nominal diameter less than 10 µm

PM2.5 :

Particles with nominal diameter less than 2.5 µm

PTSD:

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Rfc:

Reference dose for inhalation exposure

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SO2 :

Sulfur dioxide

Th2 T:

Helper lymphocyte type 2

Th17 T:

Helper lymphocyte type 17

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

US:

United States

VA:

Department of Veterans Affairs

µm:

Micrometer

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Funding

Support was provided, in part, by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under award numbers NIH R01 AG018859 (EJK), R35 GM131831 (EJK), R01 AT010005 (LAB), and 1R01MH074891-01A2 (TTP). The following authors were supported by grants from Veterans Affairs: I01 BX004335 (EJK), I21 RX002232 (LAB), and 5I01CX001310-05 (TTP). This work was also supported, in part, by the Rocky Mountain MIRECC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMR VAMC), Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Andrew J. Hoisington, Kelly A. Stearns-Yoder, Teodor T. Postolache & Lisa A. Brenner

  2. Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Andrew J. Hoisington, Kelly A. Stearns-Yoder, Teodor T. Postolache & Lisa A. Brenner

  3. Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Andrew J. Hoisington, Kelly A. Stearns-Yoder & Lisa A. Brenner

  4. Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45333, USA

    Andrew J. Hoisington

  5. Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Elizabeth J. Kovacs

  6. Veterans Affairs Research Service, RMR VAMC, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Elizabeth J. Kovacs

  7. Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Teodor T. Postolache

  8. Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 5 MIRECC, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Teodor T. Postolache

  9. Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Lisa A. Brenner

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Contributions

AJH and LAB conceptualized the manuscript. AJH, LAB, EJK, KAS, and TTP each wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors edited and reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Andrew J. Hoisington.

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Competing Interests

Dr. Brenner reports grants from the VA, DOD, NIH, and the State of Colorado, editorial remuneration from Wolters Kluwer, and royalties from the American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press. In addition, she consults with sports leagues via her university affiliation. The other authors declare no competing interests in this work.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Hoisington, A.J., Stearns-Yoder, K.A., Kovacs, E.J. et al. Airborne Exposure to Pollutants and Mental Health: A Review with Implications for United States Veterans. Curr Envir Health Rpt (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-024-00437-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-024-00437-8

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