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Fluoride Exposure and Skeletal Fluorosis: a Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relation between fluoride exposure and skeletal fluorosis (SF) using a novel statistical methodology for dose-response modeling.

Recent Findings

Skeletal fluorosis, a major health issue that is endemic in some regions, affects millions of people worldwide. However, data regarding the dose-response relation between fluoride exposure and SF are limited and outdated.

Summary

We included twenty-three studies in the meta-analysis. When comparing the highest versus the lowest fluoride category, the summary risk ratio (RR) for SF prevalence was 2.05 (95% CI 1.60; 2.64), with a value of 2.73 (95% CI 1.92; 3.90) for drinking water and 1.40 (95% CI 0.90; 2.17) for urinary fluoride. The RR by the risk of bias (RoB) was 2.37 (95% CI 1.56; 3.58) and 1.78 (95% CI 1.34; 2.36) for moderate and high RoB studies, respectively. The dose-response curve based on a one-stage cubic spline regression model showed an almost linear positive relation between exposure and SF occurrence starting from relatively low concentrations up to 5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L, respectively, for water and urinary fluoride, with no substantial increase above this threshold. The RR for developing moderate-severe forms increases at 5.00 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L of water and urinary fluoride, respectively. Better-quality studies are needed to confirm these results, but greater attention should be given to water fluoride levels to prevent SF, in addition to the other potential adverse effects of fluoride exposure.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), Unit of Dentistry & Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery – University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124, Modena, Italy

    Federica Veneri, Luigi Generali & Ugo Consolo

  2. PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences – University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124, Modena, Italy

    Federica Veneri

  3. Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Medical School – University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124, Modena, Italy

    Inga Iamandii, Marco Vinceti & Tommaso Filippini

  4. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Marco Vinceti

  5. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Linda S. Birnbaum

  6. School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Tommaso Filippini

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  1. Federica Veneri
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Veneri, F., Iamandii, I., Vinceti, M. et al. Fluoride Exposure and Skeletal Fluorosis: a Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis. Curr Envir Health Rpt 10, 417–441 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-023-00412-9

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