Abstract
Triboelectrification between a liquid and a solid is a common phenomenon in our daily life and industry. Triboelectric charges generated at liquid/solid interfaces have effects on energy harvesting, triboelectrification-based sensing, interfacial corrosion, wear, lubrication, etc. Knowing the amount of triboelectric charge transfer is very useful for studying the mechanism and controlling these phenomena, in which an accurate method is absolutely necessary to measure the triboelectric charge generated at the solid—liquid interface. Herein, we established a method for measuring the charge transfer between different solids and liquids. An equipment based on the Faraday cup measurement was developed, and the leakage ratio (rl) was quantified through simulation based on an electrostatic field model. Typical experiments were conducted to validate the reliability of the method. This work provides an effective method for charge measurement in triboelectrification research.
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Abbreviations
- C :
-
Capacitance of the Faraday cup measured by an LCR digital bridge TH2822E (pF)
- CF :
-
Capacitance of the Faraday cup (F)
- D :
-
Distance between inner and outer cylinder (mm)
- D i :
-
Pitch diameter of the inner cylinder (mm)
- D O :
-
Pitch diameter of the outer cylinder (mm)
- d io :
-
Inner diameter of outer cylinder (mm)
- d oi :
-
Outer diameter of inner cylinder (mm)
- L :
-
Height of the Faraday cup (mm)
- L s :
-
Length or width of the sample (mm)
- Q t :
-
Amount of charge transfer in the solid-liquid triboelectrification (C)
- R a :
-
Surface roughness of the solid sample (μm)
- R i :
-
Midline radius of the inner cylinder (mm)
- R o :
-
Midline radius of the outer cylinder (mm)
- r 1 :
-
Leakage ratio of the Faraday cup
- \({r_{D{\rm{t}}{D_{\rm{i}}}}}\) :
-
Ratio of D to Di
- \({r_{H{\rm{t}}{D_{\rm{i}}}}}\) :
-
Ratio of height to pitch diameter of the inner cylinder
- \({r_{S{\rm{t}}{D_{\rm{i}}}}}\) :
-
Ratio of Ls to Di
- S :
-
Contact area between the solid sample and liquid (m2)
- S e :
-
Sum of the areas of the two open ends (m2)
- S s :
-
Sum of the areas of the two open ends and the inner cylinder (m2)
- S ic :
-
Area of the inner cylinder (m2)
- t c :
-
Thickness of the cylinder of the Faraday cup (mm)
- t s :
-
Thickness of the solid sample (mm)
- V m :
-
Potential difference between the inner and the outer cylinder measured by the electrometer (V)
- V o :
-
Potential difference between the inner and the outer cylinder induced by the original surface charge of the sample (V)
- V t :
-
Potential difference between the inner and the outer cylinder induced by the surface charge of the sample after rubbing with the liquid (V)
- \(\overset{\rightharpoonup}{E}\) :
-
Electric field vector (V/m)
- ρ :
-
surface charge density of the solid sample (C/m2)
- ρ 0 :
-
Initial charge density of surface (C/m2)
- ε 0 :
-
Permittivity of vacuum (C2/(N·m2))
- ε r :
-
Relative permittivity of air
- σ t :
-
Triboelectric charge density (C/m2)
- Φ e :
-
Electric flux of the openings on both ends of the Faraday cup (V·m)
- Φ ic :
-
Electric flux of the inner cylinder (V·m)
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully thank Minghe WANG and Yulei YANG for their advice and help in electrostatic field simulation.
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Tianmin SHAO. He received his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from Petroleum and Gas Institute, Romania, in 1992. He is currently a full professor at State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, China. His research interests include coating technology, surface texturing, friction and wear of materials, and triboelectrification.
Qin CHEN. She received her bachelor’s degree in materials science and engineering in 2018 from Tsinghua University, China. She is currently a Ph.D. student at Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China. Her research interests include mechanisms and applications of solid—liquid triboelectrification.
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Chen, Q., Cheng, B., Wang, T. et al. Method for the measurement of triboelectric charge transfer at solid–liquid interface. Friction 11, 1544–1556 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0740-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0740-z