Abstract
This paper is devoted to an analytical, numerical, and experimental analysis of adhesive contacts subjected to tangential motion. In particular, it addresses the phenomenon of instable, jerky movement of the boundary of the adhesive contact zone and its dependence on the surface roughness. We argue that the “adhesion instabilities” with instable movements of the contact boundary cause energy dissipation similarly to the elastic instabilities mechanism. This leads to different effective works of adhesion when the contact area expands and contracts. This effect is interpreted in terms of “friction” to the movement of the contact boundary. We consider two main contributions to friction: (a) boundary line contribution and (b) area contribution. In normal and rolling contacts, the only contribution is due to the boundary friction, while in sliding both contributions may be present. The boundary contribution prevails in very small, smooth, and hard contacts (as e.g., diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coatings), while the area contribution is prevailing in large soft contacts. Simulations suggest that the friction due to adhesion instabilities is governed by “Johnson parameter”. Experiments suggest that for soft bodies like rubber, the stresses in the contact area can be characterized by a constant critical value. Experiments were carried out using a setup allowing for observing the contact area with a camera placed under a soft transparent rubber layer. Soft contacts show a great variety of instabilities when sliding with low velocity — depending on the indentation depth and the shape of the contacting bodies. These instabilities can be classified as “microscopic” caused by the roughness or chemical inhomogeneity of the surfaces and “macroscopic” which appear also in smooth contacts. The latter may be related to interface waves which are observed in large contacts or at small indentation depths. Numerical simulations were performed using the Boundary Element Method (BEM).
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Acknowledgements
This work has been conducted under partial financial support from German Research Foundation (DFG) (Grant No. PO 810/55-1), the Tomsk State University Academic D.I. Mendeleev Fund Program, and the German ministry for research and education (BMBF) (Grant No. 13NKE011A).
The authors acknowledge valuable discussion with A.E. Filippov.
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Contributions of authors: V.L. POPOV designed the concept of the paper, made analytical theory, carried out analysis of numerical and experimental data and drafted the manuscript. I. LYASHENKO and R. POHRT designed and built the experimental setup. I. LYASHENKO carried out experiments and processed experimental data. Q. LI, I. LYASHENKO, and R. POHRT contributed to the development of the BEM program. Q. LI executed the numerical simulations. All authors contributed equally to the editing and reviewing of the manuscript.
Valentin L. POPOV. He is a full professor at the Technische Universitat Berlin. He studied physics and obtained his doctorate in 1985 from the Moscow State Lomonosov University. In 1985–1998, he worked at the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences and was a guest professor in the field of theoretical physics at the University of Paderborn (Germany) from 1999 to 2002. Since 2002, he has been the head of the Department of System Dynamics and the Physics of Friction at the Berlin University of Technology. He has published over 300 papers in leading international journals and is the author of the book Contact Mechanics and Friction: Physical principles and applications which appeared in nine editions in German, English, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. He is the member of editorial boards of many international journals and is the organizer of more than 20 international conferences and workshops over diverse tribological themes. Prof. POPOV is an Honorary Professor of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, of the East China University of Science and Technology, and of the Changchun University of Science and Technology, and the Distinguished Guest Professor of the Tsinghua University. His areas of interest include tribology, nanotribology, tribology at low temperatures, biotribology, the influence of friction through ultrasound, numerical simulation of contact and friction, research regarding earthquakes, as well as topics related to materials science such as the mechanics of elastoplastic media with microstructures, strength of metals and alloys, and shape memory alloys.
Qiang LI. He is a postdoctoral researcher at the Berlin University of Technology. He studied mechanical engineering in East China University of Science and Technology. He obtained his doctorate at the Berlin University of Technology in 2014 and now works as a scientific researcher at the Department of System Dynamics and the Physics of Friction headed by Prof. V. L. POPOV. He has published over 50 papers in international journals including Physical Review Letters. His scientific interests include tribology, elastomer friction, hydrodynamic lubricated contact, numerical simulation of frictional behaviors, fast numerical method based on boundary element method, and adhesion.
Iakov A. LYASHENKO. He is a researcher at the Berlin University of Technology and a full professor at the Sumy State University (SSU), Ukraine. He studied physical and biomedical electronics and obtained his doctorate in 2008 from the Sumy State University. He joined the group of Prof. V. POPOV in 2014. He has published over 70 papers in international journals. His areas of interest include boundary friction, adhesion, contact mechanics, nanostructuring burnishing, dynamical systems, phase transitions, and fluctuations.
Roman POHRT. He is a researcher at the Berlin University of Technology. He studied physical engineering science with special focus on simulation and optimization of discrete and continuous problems. Since he joined the group of Prof. V. POPOV in 2010, he has been conducting experimental and numerical research on a variety of tribology related industry problems. In his Ph.D. thesis, he focussed on linking scales in the elastic contact of fractal rough surfaces, for which he was awarded by the German Tribological Society in 2013. He has authored a series of influential papers on different tribological problems, applying and extending state-of-the-art numerical methods. He is the Chief-Editor of the Journal Frontiers in mechanical engineering∣Tribology. His areas of interest include contact mechanics, adhesion, rail- wheel-interaction of trains, manufacturing technology, lubrication, and more generally the influence of surface topography on tribological phenomena.
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Popov, V.L., Li, Q., Lyashenko, I.A. et al. Adhesion and friction in hard and soft contacts: theory and experiment. Friction 9, 1688–1706 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0482-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0482-0
Keywords
- adhesion
- friction
- adhesion hysteresis
- Boundary Element Method (BEM)
- hard solids
- soft matter