Abstract
The marvels of the slippery and clean sharkskin have inspired the development of many clinical and engineering products, although the mechanisms of interfacial interaction between the sharkskin and water have yet to be fully understood. In the present research, a methodology was developed to evaluate morphological parameters and to enable studying the effects of scale orientation on the fluidic behavior of water. The scale orientation of a shark skin was defined as the angle between the ridges and fluid flow direction. Textured surfaces with a series orientation of scales were designed and fabricated using 3D printing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The fluid drag performance was evaluated using a rheometer. Results showed that the shark–skin-like surface with 90 degree orientation of scales exhibited the lowest viscosity drag. Its maximum viscosity reduction was 9%. A viscosity map was constructed based on the principals of fluid dynamic. It revealed that the drag reduction effect of a shark-skin-like surface was attributed to the low velocity gradient. This was further proven using diamond nitrogen-vacancy sensing where florescent diamond particles were distributed evenly when the velocity gradient was at the lowest. This understanding could be used as guidance for future surface design.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Luo Y H, Zhang D Y, Liu Y F, Li Y Y, Ng E Y K. Chemical, mechanical and hydrodynamic properties research on composite drag reduction surface based on biological sharkskin morphology and mucus nanolong chain. J Mechan Med Biol15(5): 1550084 (2015)
Bechert D W, Bartenwerfer M. The viscous flow on surfaces with longitudinal ribs. J Fluid Mechan206: 105–129 (1989)
Büttner C C, Schulz U. Shark skin inspired riblet structures as aerodynamically optimized high temperaturecoatings for blades of aeroengines. Smart Mater Struct20(9): 094016 (2011)
Lang A, Habegger M L, Motta P. Shark skin drag reduction. In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology. Bhushan B, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012: 2394–2400.
Bechert D W, Bartenwerfer M, Hoppe G, Reif W-E. Drag reduction mechanisms derived from shark skin. In Proceedings of the 15th ICASCongress, London, England, 1986: 1044–1068.
Chen H W, Zhang X, Ma L X, Che D, Zhang D Y, Sudarshan T S. Investigation on large-area fabrication of vivid shark skin with superior surface functions. Appl Surface Sci316: 124–131 (2014)
Sudo S, Tsuyuki K, Ito Y, Ikohagi T. A study on the surface shape of fish scales. JSME Int J Ser C45(4): 1100–1105 (2002)
Anderson E J, MacGillivray P S, DeMont M E. Scallop shells exhibit optimization of riblet dimensions for drag reduction. Biol Bull192(3): 341–344 (1997)
El-Samni O A, Chun H H, Yoon H S. Drag reduction of turbulent flow over thin rectangular riblets. Int J Eng Sci45(2–8): 436–454 (2007)
Abdulbari H A, Yunus R M, Abdurahman N H, Charles A. Going against the flow—A review of non-additive means of drag reduction. J Ind Eng Chem19(1): 27–36 (2013)
Dean B, Bhushan B. Shark-skin surfaces for fluid-drag reduction in turbulent flow: A review. Philos Trans Roy Soc London A: Math Phys Eng Sci368(1929): 4775–4806 (2010)
Wen L, Weaver J C, Lauder G V. Biomimetic shark skin: Design, fabrication and hydrodynamic function. J Exp Biol217(10): 1656–1666 (2014)
Walsh M J. Riblets as a viscous drag reduction technique. AI A A J21(4): 485–486 (1983)
Bechert D, Bruse M, Hage W, Meyer R, Bechert D, Bruse M, Hage W, Meyer R. Biological surfaces and their technological application-laboratory and flight experiments on drag reduction and separation control. In Proceedings of the 28th Fluid Dynamicsand Co-located Conference, Snowmass Village, CO, USA, 1997: 1960.
Goldstein D, Handler R, Sirovich L. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a modelled riblet-covered surface. J Fluid Mechan302: 333–376 (1995)
Zhang D-Y, Luo Y-H, Li X, Chen H-W. Numerical simulation and experimental study of drag-reducing surface of a real shark skin. J Hydrodyn Ser B23(2): 204–211 (2011)
Bixler G D, Bhushan B. Bioinspired rice leaf and butterfly wing surface structures combining shark skin and lotus effects. Soft Matter8(44): 11271–11284 (2012)
Venet C, Vergnes B. Experimental characterization of sharkskin in polyethylenes. J Rheol41(4): 873–892 (1997)
Popovich A T, Hummel R L. Experimental study of the viscous sublayer in turbulent pipe flow. AI Ch E J13(5): 854–860 (1967)
Wang J-J, Lan S-L, Chen G. Experimental study on the turbulent boundary layer flow over riblets surface. Fluid Dyn Res27(4): 217–229 (2000)
Dai W, Lee K, Sinyukov A M, Liang H. Effects of vanadium oxide nanoparticles on friction and wear reduction. J Tribol139(6): 061607 (2017)
Dai W, Kheireddin B, Gao H, Liang H. Roles of nanoparticles in oil lubrication. Tribol Int102: 88–98 (2016)
Dai W, Kheireddin B, Gao H, Kan Y W, Clearfield A, Liang H. Formation of anti-wear tribofilms via a-ZrP nanoplatelet as lubricant additives. Lubricants4(3): 28 (2016)
Xiao H P, Dai W, Kan Y W, Clearfield A, Liang H. Amine-intercalated a-zirconium phosphates as lubricant additives. Appl Surface Sci329: 384–389 (2015)
Dai W, Chen Y Y, Lee K, Sinyukov A M, Alkahtani M, Hemmer P R, Liang H. In situ investigation of the growth of a tribofilm consisting of NaYF4 fluorescent nanoparticles. Tribol Trans61(3): 503–512 (2018)
Sanchez C, Chen Y Y, Parkinson D Y, Liang H. In situ probing of stress-induced nanoparticle dispersion and friction reduction in lubricating grease. Tribol Int111: 66–72 (2017).
Tropea C, Yarin A, Foss J F. Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
McGuinness L P, Yan Y, Stacey A, Simpson D A, Hall L T, Maclaurin D, Prawer S, Mulvaney P, Wrachtrup J, Caruso F, et al. Quantum measurement and orientation tracking of fluorescent nanodiamonds inside living cells. Nat Nanotechnol6(6): 358–363 (2011)
Schirhagl R, Chang K, Loretz M, Degen C L. Nitrogenvacancy centers in diamond: nanoscale sensors for physics and biology. Ann Rev Phys Chem65(1): 83–105 (2014)
Doherty M W, Manson N B, Delaney P, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Hollenberg LC L. The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond. Phys Rep528(1): 1–45 (2013)
Liu Y H, Li G J. A new method for producing “lotus effect” on a biomimetic shark skin. J Colloid Interface Sci388(1): 235–242 (2012)
Lee S-J, Lee S-H. Flow field analysis of a turbulent boundary layer over a riblet surface. Exp Fluids30(2): 153–166 (2001)
Munson B R, Young D F, Okiishi T H. Fundamentals of fluid mechanics. New York (USA): John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1990.
Acknowledgement
Part of this research was sponsored by the Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M Engineering.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Wei DAI. He received his bachelor and master degrees in materials science and technology from Huazhong University and Science and Technology, in 2009 and 2012 respectively. After that he entered the graduate program at Texas A&M University and obtained his Ph.D in 2017. His primary research areas have been focused on nanotribology. He is currently with Gränges at Tennessee.
Masfer ALKAHTANI. He received his MSc and PhD from Texas A&M University in 2014 and 2018, respectively. His research interest includes organic fluorescent nanodiamonds, high pressure and high temperature diamond growth, nanodiamond surface modifications, solid materials for quantum optics, upconversion nanoparticles, nanofabrication, quantum sensing, magnetometery, and bio-imaging.
Philip R. HEMMER. He is a professor of the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University. Hemmer received his PhD in physics from MIT in 1984. His research interest includes organic fluorescent nanodiamonds, solid materials for quantum optics, sub-wavelength imaging, single molecule imaging, ultra-sensitive room temperature solid-state magnetometers, nano-fabrication of surface plasmon structures, quantum computing and storage in solid materials, quantum communication and teleportation in with solid materials, sensitive chemical/biological agent and IED detection using quantum coherence, ultraslow and stopped light in solids, materials and techniques for resonant nonlinear optics, phaseconjugate-based turbulence aberration compensation, spectral holeburning materials and techniques for ultra-dense memories and high temperature operation, holographic optical memory materials, smart pixels devices, optical correlators, photorefractive applications, atomic clocks, laser trapping and cooling.
Hong LIANG. She is Oscar S. Wyatt Jr. professor at J. Mike Walker’ 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University. She received her M.S and Ph.D from Stevens Institute of Technology. Her research interests have been in fundamental aspects of friction, wear, and lubrication. Her group carries out research in design and synthesis of advanced materials that have unique characteristics to be applied for tribological applications including lubrication, wear protection, and chemical-mechanical polishing. The group develops alternative approaches to probe material surfaces during tribological process.
Rights and permissions
Open Access: The articles published in this journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://doi.org/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Dai, W., Alkahtani, M., Hemmer, P.R. et al. Drag-reduction of 3D printed shark-skin-like surfaces. Friction 7, 603–612 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-018-0246-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-018-0246-2