Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Management and Emerging Allergens

  • Review
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Allergy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of the Review

The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children and adolescents and provide an in-depth overview of the diagnostic work-up, the association between the distribution of eczema, child’s age and allergens, differential diagnoses, common and emerging allergens, and the clinical management and available treatment options.

Recent Findings

There is an increased awareness in the scientific community of the impact of pediatric ACD. As a result, expert consensus-derived patch test series have been proposed and implemented in clinical practice, and an increasing number of scientific articles on pediatric ACD, ranging from contact points on emerging allergens to detailed educational reviews, have been published. In this review, we have presented several emerging contact allergens.

Summary

The diagnostic work-up for pediatric ACD must be tailored to the child’s age, dermatitis patterns, and potential environmental exposures, considering the limited skin surface area available for testing. Additionally, it is crucial to take into account newly reported allergens in the pediatric population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Brod BA, Treat JR, Rothe MJ, Jacob SE. Allergic contact dermatitis: kids are not just little people. Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(6):605–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alinaghi F, Bennike NH, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(2):77–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. •• Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis. Bri J Dermatol. 2001;144(3):523–32. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04078.x. This is the most comprehensive study on allergic contact dermatitis among adolescents in the general population.

  4. •• Fortina BA, Cooper SM, Spiewak R, Fontana E, Schnuch A, Uter W. Patch test results in children and adolescents across Europe. Analysis of the ESSCA Network 2002-2010. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(5):446–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12397. This large multinational European study of 6,008 children reports important knowledge on common contact allergens detected by patch testing in children.

  5. Simonsen AB, Foss-Skiftesvik MH, Thyssen JP, et al. Contact allergy in Danish children: current trends. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(5):295–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Simonsen AB, Deleuran M, Mortz CG, Johansen JD, Sommerlund M. Allergic contact dermatitis in Danish children referred for patch testing - a nationwide multicentre study. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(2):104–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zug KA, Pham AK, Belsito DV, et al. Patch testing in children from 2005 to 2012: results from the North American contact dermatitis group. Dermatitis. 2014;25(6):345–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/DER.0000000000000083.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Silverberg JI, Hou A, Warshaw EN, et al. Age-related differences in patch testing results among children: analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 2001-2018. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(4):818–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zug KA, McGinley-Smith D, Warshaw EM, et al. Contact allergy in children referred for patch testing. North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 2001-2004. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(10):1329–36. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.144.10.1329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hammonds LM, Hall VC, Yiannias JA. Allergic contact dermatitis in 136 children patch tested between 2000 and 2006. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(3):271–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03890.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Clayton TH, Wilkinson SM, Rawcliffe C, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: should pattern of dermatitis determine referral? A retrospective study of 500 children tested between 1995 and 2004 in one U.K. centre. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(1):114–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06845.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zafrir Y, Trattner A, Hodak E, et al. Patch testing in Israeli children with suspected allergic contact dermatitis: a retrospective study and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018;35(1):76–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Warshaw EM, Zhang AJ, DeKoven JG, et al. Epidemiology of nickel sensitivity: retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data 1994-2014. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(3):701–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Goldenberg A, Silverberg N, Silverberg JI, et al. Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis: lessons for better care. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(5):661–7; quiz 668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.02.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brown C, Yu J. Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2021;41(3):393–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2021.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. • Neale H, Garza-Meyers AC, Tam I, Yu J. Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis. Part 2: Patch testing series, procedure, and unique scenarios. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(2):247–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.001. This is a comprehensive review of the methodological considerations and practical procedures involved in patch testing children.

  17. Johansen JD, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, et al. European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing - recommendations on best practice. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73(4):195–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Johansen JD. In: Brockow K, Mortz CG, editors. Allergy tests on the skin: patch test, in Global Atlas of Skin Allergy. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI); 2019. p. 59–60.

    Google Scholar 

  19. de Groot A, Testing P. Test Concentrations and Vehicles for 4350 Chemicals:Wapserveen. Acdegroot Publishing; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Alikhan A. Maibach HI Allergic contact dermatitis. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2014;100:97–100. https://doi.org/10.1159/000358608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jacob SE. Improvement of the T.R.U.E test: launch of panel 3. Dermatitis. 2008;19(2):115–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hannuksela M, Salo H. The repeated open application test (ROAT). Contact Dermatitis. 1986;14(4):221–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01229.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hannuksela M, Salo H. Sensitivity of various skin sites in the repeated open application test. Am J Contact Dermatitis. 1991;2:102–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01229.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Mose KF. Allergy tests on the skin: the repeated open application test (ROAT). In: Mortz CG, Brockow K, editors. Global Atlas of Skin Allergy 2019 (Pages: 64-65). Published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). ISBN: 978-3-9524815-3-0.

  25. Schmidlin K, Sani S, Bernstein DI, Fonacier L. A hands-on approach to contact dermatitis and patch testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(6):1883–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.02.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fonacier L. A Practical Guide to Patch Testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(5):669–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tam I, Yu J. Pediatric contact dermatitis: what’s new. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020;32(4):524–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000919.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kullberg SA, Gupta R, Warshaw EM. Methylisothiazolinone in children’s nail polish. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37(4):745–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.14147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tam I, Yu J. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: recommendations for patch testing. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(9):41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00939-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chang MW, Nakrani R. Six children with allergic contact dermatitis to methylisothiazolinone in wet wipes (baby wipes). Pediatrics. 2014;133(2):e434–8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Litvinov IV, Sugathan P, Cohen BA. Recognizing and treating toilet-seat contact dermatitis in children. Pediatrics. 2010;125(2):e419–22. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Milingou M, Tagka A, Armenaka M, et al. Patch tests in children: a review of 13 years of experience in comparison with previous data. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(3):255–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2010.01128.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Anderson LE, Treat JR, Brod BA, Yu J. “Slime” contact dermatitis: case report and review of relevant allergens. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(3):335–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tehrany YA, Quenan S, Bugey A, Piletta P. Contact dermatitis caused by homemade “slime”: report of two cases with chemical analysis. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(6):407–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Soffer GK, Toch J, Clements S, Jariwala S. A case of chronic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of blue hair dye. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(4):258–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Martine Vigan FC. Fragrance and cosmetic contact allergy in children. Curr Treat Options Allergy. 2014;1:310–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Romita P, Foti C, Barlusconi C. Hand eczema from nail (meth)acrylates in an 11-year-old child. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83:39–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Panfili E, Esposito S, Di Cara G. Temporary black henna tattoos and sensitization to para-phenylenediamine (PPD): two paediatric case reports and a review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(4) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040421.

  39. Neri I, Guareschi E, Savoia F, Patrizi A. Childhood allergic contact dermatitis from henna tattoo. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19(6):503–5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00219.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rundle CW, Funk T, Brockman RM, Schwarzenberger K. Foot allergic contact dermatitis to mixed dialkyl thioureas. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(4):517–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13869.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ventura MT, Dagnello M, Matino MG, et al. Contact dermatitis in students practicing sports: incidence of rubber sensitisation. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:100–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.2.100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Nettis E, Marcandrea M, Colarnadi MC, et al. Results of standard series patch testing in patients with occupational allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy. 2003;58(12):1304–7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00346.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Neale H, Garza-Meyers AC, Tam I, Yu J. Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis. Part I: Clinical features and common contact allergens in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(2):235–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Tan CH, Rasool S, Johnston GA. Contact dermatitis: allergic and irritant. Clin Dermatol. 2014;32(1):116–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Borok J, Matiz C, Goldenberg A, Jacob SE. Contact dermatitis in atopic dermatitis children-past, present, and future. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56(1):86–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8711-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Vestergaard L, Clemmesen OJ, Sørensen FB, Andersen KE. Histological distinction between early allergic and irritant patch test reactions: follicular spongiosis may be characteristic of early allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;41(4):207–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06131.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. •• Jacob SE, McGowan M, Silverberg NB, et al. Pediatric contact dermatitis registry data on contact allergy in children with atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(8):765–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.6136. This study finds that children with atopic dermatitis are more likely to develop allergic contact dermatitis to skin care products allergens compared to children without atopic dermatitis.

  48. Rundle CW, Bergman D, Goldenberg A, Jacob SE. Contact dermatitis considerations in atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 2017;35(4):367–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.03.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Silverberg JI, Barbagot S, Gadkari A, et al. Atopic dermatitis in the pediatric population: a cross-sectional, international epidemiologic study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(4):417–428 e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.12.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Puar N, Chovatiya R, Paller AM. New treatments in atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Francuzik W, Geier J, Schubert S, Worm M. A case-control analysis of skin contact allergy in children and adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30(6):632–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13069.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Boonstra M, Rustemeyer T, Middelkamp-Hup MA. Both children and adult patients with difficult-to-treat atopic dermatitis have high prevalences of concomitant allergic contact dermatitis and are frequently polysensitized. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(9):1554–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14973.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Owen JL, Vakharia PP, Silverberg JI. The role and diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in patients with atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19(3):293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-017-0340-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Silverberg JI, Hou A, DeKoven JG, et al. Prevalence and trend of allergen sensitization in adults and children with atopic dermatitis referred for patch testing, north American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 2001-2016. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(7):2853–2866 e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Thyssen JP, McFadden JP, Kimber I. The multiple factors affecting the association between atopic dermatitis and contact sensitization. Allergy. 2014;69(1):28–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kohli N, Nederost S. Inflamed skin predisposes to sensitization to less potent allergens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(2):312–317 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.03.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kuo IH, Yoshida T, De Benedetto A, Beck LA. The cutaneous innate immune response in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(2):266–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1563.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Brandner JM, Zorn-Kruppa M, Yoshida T, et al. Epidermal tight junctions in health and disease. Tissue Barriers. 2015;3(1-2):e974451. https://doi.org/10.4161/21688370.2014.974451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ainscough JS, Gerberick GF, Dearman RB, Kimber I. Danger, intracellular signaling, and the orchestration of dendritic cell function in skin sensitization. J Immunotoxicol. 2013;10(3):223–34. https://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2012.711782.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Jacob SE. Percutaneous absorption risks in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(1):11–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15439.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Novak N, Baurecht H, Schäfer T, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene and allergic contact sensitization to nickel. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(6):1430–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5701190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Ross-Hansen K, et al. Filaggrin mutations are strongly associated with contact sensitization in individuals with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68(5):273–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12021.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Simonsen AB, Deleuran M, Johansen JD, Sommerlund M. Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis in children - a review of current data. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(5):254–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01963.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hamann CR, Hamman D, Egeberg A, et al. Association between atopic dermatitis and contact sensitization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(1):70–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. • Simonsen AB, Johansen JD, Deleuran M, Mortz CG, Sommerlund M. Contact allergy in children with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(2):395–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15628. This systematic review reports no statistically significant difference in the proportions of allergic contact dermatitis among children with and without atopic dermatitis.

  66. Lubbes S, Rustemeyer T, Smitt SHS, et al. Contact sensitization in Dutch children and adolescents with and without atopic dermatitis - a retrospective analysis. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;76(3):151–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Isaksson M, Olhardt S, Rådehed J, Svensson Å. Children with atopic dermatitis should always be patch-tested if they have hand or foot dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015;95(5):583–6. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Herro EM, Matiz C, Sullivan K, Hamann C, Jacob SE. Frequency of contact allergens in pediatric patients with atopic dermatatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;4(11):39–41.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Pigatto P, Martelli A, Marsili C, Fiocchi A. Contact dermatitis in children. Ital J Pediatr. 2010;36:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-36-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Duarte I, Lazzarini R, Kobata CM. Contact dermatitis in adolescents. Am J Contact Dermat. 2003;2(14):200–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Lee LW, Elsaie ML, Jacob SE. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: common allergens and treatment: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(4):491–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832d2008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hogeling M, Pratt M. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: the Ottawa Hospital patch testing clinic experience, 1996-2006. Dermatitis. 2008;19:86–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Rajpara A, Feldman SR. Cell phone allergic contact dermatitis: case report and review. Dermatol Online J. 2010;16(9)

  74. Jacob SE, Herro EM. School-issued musical instruments: a significant source of nickel exposure. Dermatitis. 2010;21:332–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Resnick SD. Poison-ivy and poison-oak dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 1986;4(2):208–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(86)90080-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Aerts O, De Fré C, van Hoof T, et al. “Slime”: a new fashion among children causing severe hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(6):385–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Smith WJ, Jacob SE. The role of allergic contact dermatitis in diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(3):369–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.00934.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. • Herman A, de Montjoye L, Tromme I, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by medical devices for diabetes patients: a review. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(6):331–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13120. A review of new and emerging allergens in medical devices used to treat children with diabetes.

  79. Ahrensboll-Friis U, Simonsen AB, Zachariae C, et al. Contact dermatitis caused by glucose sensors, insulin pumps, and tapes: results from a 5-year period. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;84(2):75–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13664.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Weng AT, Zachariae C, Christensen KB, Svensson J, Berg AK. Five-month follow-up shows no improvement in dermatological complications in children with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring systems and insulin pumps. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021;15(2):317–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296819882425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Jacob SE, Brankov N, Kerr A. Diagnosis and management of allergic contact dermatitis in children: common allergens that can be easily missed. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29(4):443–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wollenberg A, Kinberger M, Arents B, et al. European guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema: part I - systemic therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(9):1409–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark

    Sebastian Vigand Svendsen MD, Kristian F. Mose MD, PhD & Charlotte G. Mortz MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Sebastian Vigand Svendsen MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kristian F. Mose MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Charlotte G. Mortz MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

S.V.S. wrote the originial main manuscript. S.V.S, K.F.M, and C.G.M reviewed and edited the manuscript. C.G.M. supervised the writing. All authors reviewed and accepted the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charlotte G. Mortz MD, PhD.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies or animal subjects performed by any of the authors

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Figure 1
figure 1

The diagnostic approach to children with clinical suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).

Full size image
Figure 2
figure 2

Clinical photos of allergic contact dermatitis to chromate from a leather watch strap (chronic and acute dermatitis on the left and right wrist, respectively) (A), mercaptobenzothiazole in rubber-lined soccer shin guards (B), paraphenylene diamine in a "Henna” tattoo causing concomitant hypopigmentation (C), nickel from a trouser button (D), in children and adolescents. The authors would like to acknowledge Professor Niels Veien from Aalborg, Denmark, for permission to use the clinical pictures from his online database, Danderm.

Full size image

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Svendsen, S.V., Mose, K.F. & Mortz, C.G. Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Management and Emerging Allergens. Curr Treat Options Allergy 11, 1–15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-023-00357-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-023-00357-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation