Abstract
Background
Demographic changes resulting in an aging population are major factors for an increase of fall-related injuries. Especially in situations where dual tasks such as walking whilst talking have to be performed simultaneously the risk of a fall-related injury increases. It is well known that some types of martial art (e.g. Tai Chi) can reduce the risk of a fall. It is unknown if the same is true for karate.
Aim and methods
In this randomized, controlled study 68 people with a mean age of 69 years underwent 5-month karate training, 5-month fitness training or were part of a control group. Before and after the time of intervention a gait analysis with normal walk, a cognitive dual task and a motor dual task were performed. The gait parameter step frequency, walking speed, single-step time and single-step length were investigated.
Results
It could be seen that all groups improved their gait parameters after a 5-month period, even the control group. A sporty intervention seems to affect mainly the temporal gait parameters positively. This effect was especially demonstrated for normal walk and cognitive dual task.
Conclusions
An improvement of the human walk seems to be possible through karate and fitness training, even under dual-task conditions. A prolonged intervention time with multiple repetitions of gait analysis could give better evidence if karate is a useful tool to increase fall prevention.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Stevens JA, Rudd RA (2014) Circumstances and contributing causes of fall deaths among persons aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 62:470–475
Granacher U, Mühlbauer T, Bridenbaugh S et al (2010) Age-related differences during single and multi-task walking. German J Sports Med 61:258–263
Winkler J, Regelin P (2011) Sturdy and stable. Meyer & Meyer, Aachen
Wolf I, Bridenbaugh S, Gschwind Y et al (2012) Gait changes and fall risk. Praxis 101:175–181
Guimaraes RM, Isaacs B (1980) Characteristics of the gait in old people who fall. Int Rehab Med 2:177–180
Verghese J, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Hall CB, Derby CA, Kuslansky G, Ambrose AF, Sliwinski M, Buschke H (2013) Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. N Engl J Med 348:2508–2516
Mahlknecht P, Kiechl S, Bloem BR et al (2013) Prevalence and burden of gait disorders in elderly men and women aged 60–97 years: a population-based study. PLoS One 8:e69627. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069627
Gschwind Y, Bridenbaugh S (2011) The role of gait analysis. Early detection of dementia and risk of falling. Der informierte Arzt 6:39–41
Borel L, Alescio-Lautier B (2004) Posture and cognition in the elderly: interaction and contribution to the rehabilitation strategies. Neurophysiol Clin 44:95–107
Shik ML, Orlovsky GN (1976) Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Am Physiol Soc 56:465–501
Mergl R, Tigges P, Schröter A et al (1999) Digitized analysis of handwriting and drawing movements in healthy subjects: methods, results and perspectives. J Neurosci Methods 90:157–169
Priest AW, Salamon KB, Hollman J (2008) Age-related differences in dual task walking: a cross sectional study. J Neuroeng Rehab. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-5-29
Van Lersel B, Kessels R, Bloem B et al (2008) Executive function influences gait and balance in community-living elderly people. J Gerontol Med Sci 63:1344–1349
Brodie MAD, Menz HB, Lord SR (2014) Age associated changes in head jerk while walking reveal altered dynamic stability in older people. Exp Brain Res 232:51–60
Kim WS, Kim EY (2014) Comparing self-selected speed walking of the elderly with self-selected slow, moderate, and fast speed walking of young adults. Ann Rehabil Med 38:101–108
Engelhard KM (2009) The part of attention for increased frequency of falls in elderly—an experimental study with special reference for ability to shift attention. Dissertation, University of Cologne
Doi T, Shimada H, Makizako H et al (2014) Cognitive function and gait speed under normal and dual-task walking among older adults with mild cognitive impairment. BMC Neurol 14:1–8
Yoon JE, Lee SM, Lim HS et al (2013) The Effects of cognitive activity combined with active extremity exercise on balance, walking activity, memory level and quality of life of an older adult sample with dementia. J Phys Ther Sci 25:1601–1604
Goodman F (2006) Martial arts. All techniques step by step; Taekwon-do, Karate, Aikido, Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Kung Fu, Tai Chi Chuan, Kendo, Iaido, Shinto Ryu. Premio, Münster
Wagner HJ (2009) Influence of combined coordination and strength training on falls, cognition and quality of life based on karate. Dissertation, University of Munich
Jansen P, Dahmen-Zimmer K (2012) Effects of cognitive, motor, and karate training on cognitive functioning and emotional well-being of elderly people. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282502/. Accessed 21 July 2013
Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, et al (1996) Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8617895?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn. Accessed 21 July 2013
Jahnke R, Larkey L, Rogers C, Etnier J, Lin F (2011) A comprehensive review of health benefits of Qigong and Tai Chi. Am J Health Promot 24(6): 1–25. doi:10.4278/ajhp.081013-LIT-248
Logghe IHJ, Zeeuwe PEM, Verhagen AP, et al (2008) Lack of effect of Tai Chi Chuan in preventing falls in elderly people living at home: a randomized clinical trial. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02064.x/abstract;jsessionid=2E805F5C02C125CD9180E1DB1C71607A.d03t03. Accessed 21 July 2013
Emmermacher P, Witte K (2013) Movement with a difference. Shaker, Aachen
Steinhöfer D (2008) Athletics training in sport games—theory and practice for endurance, corrdination and training control. Philippka, Münster
Mechling H (1997) Training in sports for elderly—athletic performance and fitness in aging process. Hofmann, Schorndorf
Broich J (1997) Games for seniors. Maternus, Cologne
Baur R, Egeler R (1981) Gymnastics, games and sports for seniors. Hofmann, Schorndorf
Bridenbaugh SA, Kressig RW (2015) Motor cognitive dual tasking: early detection of gait impairment, fall risk and cognitive decline. Z Gerontol Geriatr 48:15–21
Laessoe U, Hoeck HC, Simonsen O et al (2008) Residual attentional capacity amongst young and elderly during dual and triple task walking. Hum Move Sci 27:496–512
Donath L, Faude O, Bridenbaugh SA et al (2013) Transfer effects of fall training on balance performance and spatiotemporal gait parameters in healthy community-dwelling seniors: a pilot study. J Aging Phys Act 22:324–333
Cromwell RL, Meyers PM, Meyers PE, Newton RA (2007) Tae Kwon Do: an effective exercise for improving balance and walking ability in older adults. J Gerontol 62A(6):641–646
Hausdorff JM, Schweiger A, Herman T et al (2008) Dual-task decrements in gait: contributing factors among healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63:1335–1343
Manor B, Lough M, Gagnon MM et al (2014) Functional benefits of Tai Chi training within senior housing facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc 62:1484–1489
Guedes RC, Dias RC, Pereira LSM et al (2014) Influence of dual task and frailty on gait parameters of older community-dwelling individuals. Braz J Phys Ther 18:445–452
Agmon M, Belza B, Nguyen HQ et al (2014) A systematic review of interventions conducted in clinical or community settings to improve dual-task postural control in older adults. Clin Interv Aging 9:477–492
Shin SS, An DH (2014) The effect of motor dual-task balance training on balance and gait of elderly women. J Phys Ther Sci 26:359–361
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines proposed in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Local University and Hospital Ethics Committee.
Informed consent
All patients gave their informed consent.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pliske, G., Emmermacher, P., Weinbeer, V. et al. Changes in dual-task performance after 5 months of karate and fitness training for older adults to enhance fall prevention. Aging Clin Exp Res 28, 1179–1186 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0508-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0508-z