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Soil as a Basic Nexus Tool: Soils at the Center of the Food–Energy–Water Nexus

  • Nexus of Food, Water, Energy (R Mohtar, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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A Correction to this article was published on 07 February 2018

This article has been updated

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Soil is the medium for plant growth and the substrate for all biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes. Soil’s unique natural organization forms the foundation of any food–water–energy nexus system. It forms a habitat for billions of diverse micro, meso, and macrofauna and flora and is the basis of numerous ecosystem services essential to human well-being and nature conservancy. It moderates soil hydrological processes within the entire vadose zone: which is part of the earth between the soil surface and the phreatic zone. Soil structure also supports numerous ecosystem services including nutrient transformation and availability, water quality and renewability, denaturing and transport of pollutants, and groundwater table fluctuations. It also moderates the soil–water–plant-energy nexus with the replenishement of green-water supply (from precipitation) for plants and soil biota, which in turn enables the production of biomass as a source of food, feed, fiber, and biofuel feedstock. Indeed, soil is a very large reservoir for water and carbon with strong influences on local, regional, and global climate. Also, the energy factor is connected with the climate change through soil–water–food–energy nexus because of numerous interlinked pathways including gaseous emissions, energy and food production, and recycling of nutrients and water at regional, national, and global scales. Through provisioning of numerous ecosystem services, the soil–water–food–energy–climate nexus is interwoven with the ecosystem security and functioning of planet’s four ecospheres (i.e., atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and the biosphere). Therefore, the health of soil, plants, animals, people, and ecosystems is one and indivisible.

Recent Findings

This interconnectivity is also the basis of the “4 per Thousand” initiative adopted by the COP21, the Climate Summit of 2015 in Paris, and “Adapting African Agriculture” (AAA) by COP22 in Morocco. Consequently, soil is not only a foundation for securing the natural resources: food, water and energy, but it is under desperate need to be integrated and appreciated in understanding the complex interconnectedness of any food, energy, water and soil system. Concentration and stock of soil organic carbon are the key soil properties that determine the physical, chemical, biological, and ecological properties and processes, and are major control of all nexuses described herein.

Summary

This chapter presents a conceptual model and the role of soil as a naturally organized medium to protect global food, water, energy securities. Moreover, it elaborates on using soil as a basic nexus tool and proposes a paradigm shift in integrating soil and creating the food–energy–water–soil nexus.

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Change history

  • 07 February 2018

    The original version of this article, published in Current Sustainable Renewable Energy Reports, Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2017, inadvertently misspelled an author’s last name on the title page as Haimanote Baybil. The correct name is Haimanote Bayabil.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Texas A&M WEF Nexus initiative, and the Carbon Management and Sequestration Center of the Ohio State University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Rattan Lal

  2. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2117, USA

    Rabi H. Mohtar

  3. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2117, USA

    Amjad T. Assi

  4. College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446, USA

    Ram Ray & Haimanote Baybil

  5. Department of Agronomy, the Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, and the Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA

    Molly Jahn

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A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-018-0101-0.

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Lal, R., Mohtar, R.H., Assi, A.T. et al. Soil as a Basic Nexus Tool: Soils at the Center of the Food–Energy–Water Nexus. Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep 4, 117–129 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-017-0082-4

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